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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 ^! N$ e$ y  g- n
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 N  }, L. l6 E1 \0 S, h+ q( CExposure to Testosterone
. x2 o4 Y- x  s- T! W/ T: vSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2" t3 p: Y2 e: ]
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ Q; h0 `2 Q2 u. }8 B3 d% JClinical Pediatrics1 e# p- `; Y4 w3 S' W
Volume 46 Number 63 z$ L. b# u7 r; T
July 2007 540-543- I9 K" D- M- J0 j; E6 k1 V( @
© 2007 Sage Publications- ^  f9 `+ l6 N! O8 m3 Z
10.1177/0009922806296651( o. _; |' I7 Z% h
http://clp.sagepub.com
! G; ]' o6 i9 y- C, t* r0 ^hosted at" \. o! f5 T) M# o
http://online.sagepub.com1 s0 g* a) V( I) P" d" v$ F4 h( {
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 L3 Q% B0 j( x* T+ [/ z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
: F3 ]+ P' h* iprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' ~( E: ]1 h( t7 g9 a7 q/ d2 D$ A) Tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has. g' `! y2 ^( l% _) c2 H. ]' I
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system* q- Q& l" ?  V3 Q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 X* \2 q9 j# W# r. z. B, Wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
: _. q2 M, d# |+ d/ h7 _hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-+ V6 x* }% q/ a8 d. C* Z) D
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# W5 i! l, x. y, b: r7 }3 x' l" W9 V6 kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the2 m* M# m4 w7 D5 N: H5 H
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 ]: @& N: _6 t9 U. |
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due* [5 ]: J, e: U+ a8 K1 P+ w9 Y! |
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by7 }6 S$ U$ r7 K; b4 j9 F8 T
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-$ K2 m6 r: R; b2 D  g" X- Z  U+ p
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 j* m9 I( x+ L# Y/ X( ]: {1 M; `
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of) b: z5 P  _7 F7 u$ u- ]8 E6 k6 ]
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' P$ I" J% v0 u' o0 m0 e- q$ Nbly more common than the rare case report in the
8 T" ^; s6 p: ~0 Fliterature.4( A% |% Z' U3 T& R6 w
Patient Report7 _1 [0 J) T* E9 t
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the- C0 b% m, I" o% b2 x
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ z$ g/ e5 r! |. G  L) S, lof early sexual development. His mother noticed5 I5 G* d5 h( ]2 o
light colored pubic hair development when he was
7 x  M0 |/ L. \6 vFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( W- p5 b, \0 m$ J9 T" o& I
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.* d' q2 v3 n2 l$ E7 O
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 F& J! x# Q3 h! c7 A6 T- x5 EProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of5 U9 i8 l" S- n! U/ y6 |3 H
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 z7 Y# ?. w& _  S, ]2 A2 D5 [e-mail: [email protected].
8 k6 R% N3 d* h, b( ^  }( ]about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 }2 C, Z) [9 C0 O6 P6 R, edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-+ [; h$ j! P0 I1 \
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' }  M2 y8 V+ u6 \( ^6 @$ U
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 {9 W/ Z5 _3 @; a
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: q/ p8 @0 \0 T! U
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year8 ?+ m  V3 }, j; U
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ o! g5 Y7 ~- @5 e+ Z! lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 C8 ?% a0 ]/ G4 I% z8 u/ D
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 M( H! T7 m( S/ n
was age appropriate.
5 J% v) I: O& Q. qThe family history was remarkable for the father,2 ^: l  c( h8 x& B+ z; e3 Q
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 Y. Y6 I- U: k# J" E4 _! xwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% i# m# S9 n* U/ V7 X
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" {$ C1 X4 e+ w4 ]5 g' J. }early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.  _! r9 a6 X0 D, i
The father denied taking any other medication. The0 F) A* P# O, X$ o) J/ o9 L9 A% }
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche# h$ T; N7 R4 v
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
) L8 r5 }2 g) h; S8 m0 D0 i5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 E1 F* w4 |2 P& G/ ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 i: N, O7 e3 x8 G. v4 ?
tives. There were no siblings.
& B/ c2 i; u$ KPhysical Examination
+ F7 s7 p* y6 a9 p( l  k6 `The physical examination revealed a very active,
; q# |( J6 k- [playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 f  x0 x9 c. v% i1 A% qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was& C3 H* j; e* H4 m; d( |$ k0 H% g
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" u- t+ ~* X0 P( {- ?8 n(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 b0 Z9 e/ X5 W: |
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ n  K  Q+ M' i: Q$ S/ Y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.+ v8 t$ H; |. z, z
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, W2 J% Q) z' g' U! _; w$ u3 z0 N
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of5 e' @# i6 y, H5 i  E( O$ O7 g
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( l& h! z( }% bdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around+ b5 @: m- x; O0 N+ m4 t  u
540
- Y( A0 ?) e5 L3 `. w1 l7 z1 Q1 _at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 P7 T& B- p$ d0 j
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
, R9 c7 l' F, e( u% X. Ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
5 Q! D$ s# m. b- L; x- d, TThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
$ g6 b3 O5 I7 v: u. B1 q' Qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ {% O8 W  k3 d8 Sabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% ?$ v! k8 R! w& Z
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
4 Y/ K7 W1 {. X; u" Tbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion" {6 W! ?: l& @# x2 M, t
of papilledema.
) a; y: o" `- iLaboratory Evaluation
0 z, p0 {% d* @5 |- PThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by( o% ~8 J) }$ l7 Q6 H
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
# f1 Y3 i' ?" i# l, }logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' t8 u. n9 s# H
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test5 j' o* U$ K' I' X2 ]
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-4 F9 D6 f0 u# ?& B3 F' j
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# ~" s% f+ o0 [& [7 Y, F4 K9 I
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
0 E' V; r1 `- G0 Qurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
9 T7 _! k- B! Z% V  Q5 Iwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
) z8 l3 J3 o) pof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
  y5 l3 s2 z& v(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20) C& U( g+ s# h; V! m8 _  @  u9 c1 ~
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
7 w7 R8 k; z' D$ Z/ b9 H5 d) j! \terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
- a) m/ `" @3 `4 p& K! Q2 r) Ndesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 D# o! A& f( C' P6 j2 ?
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 ^; y0 E: R' ?0 @+ k
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
& f/ g& @& {1 g  ctisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- ~4 W( F; h$ E2 C/ C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
) R6 I5 ^  a8 i7 a  Pand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than) {2 t) C% T* e; g1 _3 O7 S
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. m9 w4 m+ r# U: O5 @$ l/ E  i  ]6 o0 E5 b
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone" \' w8 ?$ d. Q5 C0 O  k) m
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 S& w0 G: |! r( O: l
(prepubertal).
6 V+ K% t# C$ N/ [, |4 s$ @: RThe parents were notified about the laboratory
' z! @# g. [* \4 j8 w0 p. h2 hresults and were informed that all of the tests were
  r, p7 f' E: a" C4 c7 Vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The5 C/ L7 ]+ s: q8 Z. Z
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: x3 J- U( D3 O" W" `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 `1 J! x5 ]* Y; t! T
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) x# Y5 h1 @7 Y! mPhysical examination at this time revealed that the- L; U1 H' H+ r
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
. G0 [( L, N1 S6 m3 ^6 f2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* a% u* \8 v& F! B
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-# x( b+ E) g7 W
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
$ U" |0 Q$ t8 v: R0 J3 ?; Wthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. G" V! s% K) l% ~
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
8 ^+ N6 z! q! h, C' W& [The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' s: L7 V7 d( `: ~5 d, {
ing frequent erections.
  l; Q6 r2 W" N2 nBoth parents were again questioned about use of- V5 b8 J! C! e: M8 ]7 I
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to5 i. Z; L: f% v  P% d4 K0 S" h# o
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, C5 P4 Z& j- P% C* p) B
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 F9 m; q( E% i7 a' H" Ause of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 v9 U" Z3 |# v- Ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
/ T1 j/ i! `3 l, @a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 p- s& e$ u6 {  h6 q6 Ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! v& m* ]  ]' N: a! rscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
0 R0 [5 @5 M$ S4 a  U/ c9 gsecondary to depression.
& P  ?% j$ ^; C3 C, uThe child slept in the same bed with parents.5 J$ j/ N; N+ B8 G7 H" T4 y
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his( O, s+ b8 u  s4 a2 f! k
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
" J2 `9 j3 x7 S; pnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, W$ Y; q1 T7 V* n5 _* L4 u6 nThe father also admitted that after the phone call,! m1 v9 P3 v) L& `. V% J) D
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" @7 B  C" q7 q) y4 a
was high, he then read the product information
$ Y1 [; q) z# E2 Q) k6 s6 kpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-0 A8 Q2 N  p& ?# J: E9 Y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. v* E) T) ]1 B0 b- `7 n
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the9 W, c! D1 I! O2 q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
  Q9 T" N# g- V, H8 _been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
- f4 J7 Q) Z: @% `8 e0 O! Z; ^; Vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
  ]6 \- u2 x. z9 ~laboratory to obtain the test.$ j  h, o" h! r. o7 p
Discussion7 D8 p1 Y/ [. o" x
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
6 u. Q$ V0 R4 o% v; rsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4/ a' f. t, e  x
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when$ Z+ K1 [+ W, o2 @  x/ r" X
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
' `7 c& j3 L; j, C5 vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 V% v0 ?" O. P0 f2 o8 ?5 x- k
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) ~/ ^! t: X8 w) {$ @
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
; E+ B6 U( R2 W: z# y" d9 uresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 p* v, O+ p  t' ~- Y9 @' eamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' c6 Z  }) S$ Xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, ]- i. D# [9 J5 m2 x7 nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 L) z9 ^- u- M$ t+ }% c1 w* t$ F* v8 mization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, m% Q( E3 c) Z: Y1 orical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* R3 B" [. O0 a4 Fgonadotropins.1,3
0 U4 W1 }- R0 G* ~3 _# J7 @% u* eGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( B/ p/ z& G8 o; N2 x- W- tcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
) F. a4 D) ^( l5 ]/ A0 qandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) e2 D. w  w: U5 r1 n# Texogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 }( N! e8 f) [8 z/ [6 a6 |' Sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# p9 ~. ^4 {: B$ Wcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ J/ y# ~* ?" o) `5 S& K  p- I
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
. D  S, b5 x1 v9 Kpuberty in boys.3,4
+ ]4 f4 `4 o( s  {2 w& I6 tThe most common form of congenital adrenal8 K7 o7 g# S/ v
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.1 ~' ?. d& b( t( c7 Q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 m# X5 [( H4 m; A: X2 O  L
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 L5 t1 p: y6 T" G& n  ~! ~0 j/ h
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 V/ ~: |' R7 z% Q/ m. o, m  w& e* c3 f
excess.1,3# x' a) q- A* q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 S) h. X. x0 u, U" `
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007* f; V# e( d4 f, A
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& U' {; E& S. r5 ]3 b
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 I, D6 X( H- xas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 E* v% l# ^8 a9 W' N4 n1 Y9 n
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 b4 f: ^# p  U8 c' l$ r# iwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 d1 ^" _; J: Jincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ C0 k$ B" ?  V3 K
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
( ^8 k1 l* ~$ D/ q. ware suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 K2 ~/ S9 c+ i/ wpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-, n  j! x% S% D5 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked* W6 L9 A% k, q. k8 E2 U
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 [( A# K: P8 S# j" kmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 B( z3 s! u! f1 u/ a
may have similar precocious puberty.3
) P1 z. L' K0 y, Z2 `In our patient, physical examination was incon-
( S' s# w& u. A5 nsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-9 M- K( G) r) r% K# v* h6 g8 @# [
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ C# R! x( \. J: k
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
0 W$ H& p( S% P( i: v0 V- hstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
& V; e/ y0 ]! O7 W8 Gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the' A/ J# o) K2 L, x
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 ~8 v) c7 C3 v$ R- z$ J/ N# native initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 J" q! |  I6 @2 A- Y! w) qbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
# K3 e( F9 h, b$ d/ neither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
% K1 m, G. D" k, V  V% R6 J1 p1 {deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
$ l) t; C+ `; C' J! G  Fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# n- q- H5 g4 fThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- Y% B2 U" U2 y1 |  Q( T9 A$ U
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
$ P7 s# i2 B% T: [8 _# a% wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
: n9 h. d' |( C5 Ypearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& }3 V4 S5 ]; M# L
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
- x( Y+ \1 n7 D! I/ I4 vterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; `7 {& B6 N7 q2 Kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 a+ j5 a) C! V3 r2 m: `1 m& j7 ]
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or# N5 w( @- l( n7 i
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
  R. f8 x% Z$ g0 |& G, W+ \unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' Y& d, F& z9 O/ n$ D& s! TSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 \  @' Y1 t7 B: }9 N8 _+ r2 R$ ~
baseline value in those females who were exposed to# |/ F$ E0 T" C- m$ i0 ^" i
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male! s# L" f! V$ t4 n2 I$ A. v
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( |. E" n+ `8 D) d% f. G1 z) H. _tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.. i* W$ @4 K0 z$ v% ?
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 \' p# w. s1 O3 P$ [which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, u# N4 A* q! D9 _+ f' Gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 s0 @# `* k5 j6 ]7 L
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 B: E! ]0 a( Q2 G
active in young children exposed to testosterone4 {3 ^4 k3 L4 _: ^# s+ h6 n
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
" A5 E% x0 Z; r  {; S5 Tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to# t5 v% f& l6 C& \
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% k" w4 o# ~7 v! C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and( o$ p" y0 }( r# X* K6 ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& [" V+ h8 m- u; V
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during! L6 |8 d. r% N' F. {9 u
early childhood on pubertal development and final
  a* S& H) J# G0 f+ Jadult height are not fully known and always remain
6 N" x  ]* b+ M8 Q, t3 [a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ O( n* o# u! N$ Q$ U, nterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
/ x: U5 C$ q+ Z* l% u9 ^2 L& d1 hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& g9 C7 B* _( W+ c$ S4 r
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation9 N0 z! u  Z% m9 @0 H
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,93 L. i( V" r: X& j$ }2 _5 @
There are conflicting reports and controversy  \3 s7 L/ S: P9 a( h0 r
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ e; D0 j: {. {' I# Upenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal8 x: C+ U$ V" y+ F* n
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
: Q, A. Z2 Q( e, U$ G1 ]6 Mulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. a4 L! A' O, P" @Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
0 G: d, k8 S+ D1 {$ A( G3 uchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% G9 ?6 j6 T' z8 Ypenile length in clinical studies.+ b  C, y1 j" i0 b- J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
  l4 S; b% F9 Q/ L) i4 Qgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from2 a) |( a* J  e& I3 ~( J
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because2 M" Z* m. x. w7 q
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
' J: E* s; k6 ]9 Z. _$ p- @) ~Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
- r) L1 \* Q+ t; a( |. M$ }diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. I% ~6 y9 j' n3 G3 }" qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' n# g7 @- p3 J% i- s" k& uheight will not be affected.
, r8 e5 |' n' y4 F  WAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, L4 U8 ]2 G5 j" ]ability of androgen products in our society may4 j, O' Y8 O7 `+ \3 P0 @; R% j
indeed cause more virilization in male or female8 e7 E$ i! W' E. A- D# z0 z0 H+ M' Z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
0 o1 K& t7 j- m$ a. Ygen products must be considered and specific ques-9 t$ l, j4 E& z6 V( r3 |7 M1 l' |: V
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or% x3 N  M; y* P
gel should be asked of the family members during
( O3 _3 q& M( m  Bthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
) X$ X9 A$ E3 t* Filization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-7 V9 G" n7 A8 O9 l; H( G+ l; q" S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 ]+ l. [4 r9 }' m3 b1 K9 }2 v/ v
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 p5 ?. M7 ]  M+ f, m; }8 P6 V
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 e# s" G( Y( J; K$ iresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 R5 `$ q- m4 u: H9 r* H6 h7 d
investigation. The primary care physician should be
- l  a3 K' V( C+ ?! E1 Z' Laware of this fact, because most of these children
. S4 ]2 A% m3 u2 v! Q8 B4 H4 ~may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 F% E  a' V3 V$ |6 ]
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a9 ~( O2 C* E7 D: P4 N  j; x
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or  R9 |: {% Z! q  ]% r3 L8 J
female child who might come in contact with some-9 p7 w" f. @8 j8 n
one using any of these products.
+ S* B; [/ ?- CReferences
& O5 j; x3 ~+ H! {: {- K4 v1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' r- N  u! k" I6 Iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& N5 B, ~6 g* k' L; C
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) U) ?) b1 S- S; o4 o2002: 565-628./ j8 i8 @0 w0 c! X. C
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# x  x/ l7 u% h6 N, q# C3 m
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: }$ c, g: a4 d) N4 }Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
, A$ r% H2 r3 j, A  q6 dExposure to Testosterone% W0 e( b* k# K- z* R
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
# w, f" q4 W$ W8 wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 d. c& j% |. K3 q) Q* T# a  jClinical Pediatrics
0 z' C) r; T3 }) aVolume 46 Number 6
* K. C5 A5 X& o2 D% EJuly 2007 540-543
! f* [! ^5 \$ |  F© 2007 Sage Publications
  b3 I' C, a% v2 q* V10.1177/0009922806296651
, h2 H6 G8 m5 |, r% o+ xhttp://clp.sagepub.com* d: u/ p& x% t: E
hosted at' L' E4 b$ M+ `7 {
http://online.sagepub.com1 y! u1 u! Y( l7 k  \
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
! t4 r  [  N" Z% \/ nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
: z* l/ g& {; jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 x3 t4 e+ P* S( t+ A
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has+ W) E& t  e% [+ A9 C7 u. h6 U
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( _, m. E6 m# u* Dlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
. H8 D% A. ]. E( k2 `by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
9 s4 }7 a* _4 X" r0 Bhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 W3 w3 C3 m( mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ n8 j+ o7 s' L$ w0 E8 Q
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
6 @* s4 _- q0 O4 u* G( menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' I3 `( Z8 N+ [1 H5 P' a
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due. c" W  |! d- d; F7 x
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# L/ w' T3 j+ y4 w/ f6 S+ a2 vthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-" q0 Z) Q5 v: n* E" w* y
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 O  A! G: l: [8 u2 ]' w8 }  G; B+ ~
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& O4 \) W/ ~3 v% h( V8 [4 r, Vtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: E: C! K, @7 U0 y! R
bly more common than the rare case report in the" T" W5 ~% G% N( r
literature.4
7 }2 J6 g0 i& _) n! g: i( n& p) @; J- bPatient Report
/ a8 P4 k+ r, v( K& bA 16-month-old white child was referred to the0 L) L" @  {8 C9 X0 n
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
  n3 }! |. Q& M' K& v1 N! Z" n6 u* P0 sof early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 U5 N2 a6 G+ F$ l2 _' mlight colored pubic hair development when he was
' `. J# Q; S' L3 Z9 xFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( [9 W% w* F' J: G, ^
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
4 `9 K1 e# p2 EAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- j8 e3 m/ h2 r& f: ^
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of$ U. H# P# }7 g* g( z% u! t+ p
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: f2 R6 z$ u& _$ Z
e-mail: [email protected].
" R' A6 r& w8 G8 }. K/ @about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
. j& v6 `2 @: }darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-( L5 }: _6 A, v7 C# K1 I
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( f2 D& D( m, ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with/ B2 ~* f( z2 r; M3 x. u% t6 }3 ~
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
; w% Y1 s4 M! w1 F) X20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
# ?% ?* z& c" [. p. ~of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. U- }! p) ]" K/ Ssolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 U8 a. Z' }- F; F7 Q0 \3 B
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 Z# s, x# f0 }
was age appropriate.
8 a2 K2 \1 E$ q9 Q+ vThe family history was remarkable for the father,
  E/ C6 u  F/ n# E- o3 Xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
  _% I4 N% ?1 x) Y5 qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
  a( |1 E  t, v% ?- I, s2 K! Wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
. H5 s; [( a3 Qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' |$ \& C5 Z1 F& ?+ Y4 z
The father denied taking any other medication. The
7 s9 A; C* L/ g) ~# Xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
/ g3 B8 J9 l6 dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
2 P! _) c1 Q& Q7 n5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-) y  x6 \& N2 x  N2 g
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 A5 L/ \  v7 l3 j/ itives. There were no siblings., ~  x( u8 a1 T. d9 L
Physical Examination
. V2 D1 r& \. p+ K# G, nThe physical examination revealed a very active,
0 \4 \3 g8 \  l( \/ [4 H* y8 u; pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% b8 k+ X8 v. q
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was3 c; D# e- S. |1 R: x4 c" T( E
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg  w2 H! u) T9 f, f! E
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% ^1 L" ^* Z; b+ I; _. B0 z  Fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of2 Z, g8 V. n: h- p+ o% a
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% P2 ?9 E% _8 I/ Z1 \The genitourinary examination was remarkable for* s1 V: V4 U+ r5 ^
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of" Y/ f- A) I% j% M9 d$ q! `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 G5 m, T$ T, Bdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around5 Q& E- r9 X8 F8 W9 o
540! ?% ^. v6 B$ _% d; L9 n
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 o; n$ g0 d: ?8 K9 V1 j; E$ S' rthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The: b9 K: d- M- u4 y. i. ~% R
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 O/ Z  G  }9 I! R8 z$ M  S, C
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, t) E! A$ k+ ?* }0 L0 a+ j, H) }oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no, B( i; g0 \, M9 c+ L
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.2 {; P+ U9 n3 x2 E3 c- o
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. o: f5 H% x$ mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion* |6 z0 Q" N9 W; q, o. b- h7 k2 Y
of papilledema.* {7 w  O9 }# |
Laboratory Evaluation% _0 M/ j7 x+ P
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 f% X' P- x) O6 [0 U% s
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
& M/ n  @: L4 P) w% C' Dlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) v. Q" N, j, W; q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' u! Y9 e0 \; x$ r
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" d) I  D7 q8 O2 y# l1 Slating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
! W0 h  U' f8 h# z! ~0 n% g% AThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* f# l6 p" \5 vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were+ ?* m- i- p+ ]! y0 ^; a
within normal range for his age. The concentration. ^: [) F! a! c! A0 @& D9 ~7 |
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL9 B* P; T9 \2 B3 \' }
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! k! y* R# L4 l% T) Q( y9 v, q6 L9 w% T. S
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 Y, {# s& f* S8 P8 Z' M1 A& t+ R
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% B1 r% P3 `( u1 }* B  xdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to* w( X3 o/ x, g! n
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 @5 D3 q+ Y3 F, I' g8 @was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 u) D, Z' _& B; E
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total7 z, J8 p. r* E& P* g* E9 c: p7 K) P
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# a3 S5 w. v9 n8 h, i2 C6 J6 Oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than2 U# c- V5 r4 f4 B0 b8 j5 z
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
/ T  N# L7 S: ]) R: M) ystimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
- h, ?; u& k- C$ T" h+ d3 k$ jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& ^( U5 h0 L2 ?' x) D" q& C+ K  t(prepubertal).
8 Y0 a' ?) T. Z+ \, W/ jThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 x7 ~+ I: M8 J: }0 U. V% _results and were informed that all of the tests were$ B# f& t  [  ]1 T6 h, D
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
0 B# ~" e& A: ?- Jfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
: o8 q" [" v/ D+ s8 eobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* `4 ?$ H# ]- d- U/ E( M. Z
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. ]9 G/ q# T+ dPhysical examination at this time revealed that the& @0 B8 N6 r* v5 {
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 b# R# O9 [" \7 g2 p6 D
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! j+ a" n0 D$ h9 V" e  w( [unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 R" ~4 c9 V/ k+ y6 j' Y! ^
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 B2 }$ G: b4 x1 Z) Pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2$ v1 P# o- ^4 I7 T8 }3 y+ U/ g& J! Y& f
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., g, `2 d$ T( o' p8 G
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; l$ X8 z; o- W; P  z8 [
ing frequent erections.3 ?: `3 Y( }. B& t2 J+ o
Both parents were again questioned about use of
; ?3 Q4 \* ~$ p5 Vany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
" T2 T+ g) Q. y! Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
5 ^* n$ Z& r, j3 d0 KTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 a# B& T( m6 X" E% x
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-2 ]8 S; `9 Q4 q& }% s
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- G2 D: Z& B* Y( }: ^a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% S; g" f! |) e6 D( i/ e. Wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
7 q1 h+ {- K+ E4 ?$ n- f8 wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 K+ V' r4 {& u
secondary to depression.9 k. P7 U; i6 p# k& v9 L
The child slept in the same bed with parents.0 ]4 X  m1 O% Q, W2 n- O. |
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his( w# r9 O  w* @0 s" Q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
  O; \4 E3 `0 g- @/ \9 o6 wnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.; i0 F! V. B1 Q" V$ X( d
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 w' I2 n) H' Zwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby( c( b( o% Y1 ~* v
was high, he then read the product information! v5 C" Q. E$ H3 e5 c7 |! U
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( j( B( Y6 a6 t' gson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
$ j! |) _/ v! C/ E+ B5 wdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; X- |3 s+ u  t' x4 E
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 ?% n* K' E  B: f7 u/ Obeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 {. j0 M5 Y2 b2 J/ i3 F. T2 a: {9 J
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
3 J$ H8 u( h6 K2 a5 rlaboratory to obtain the test.
$ Y4 m- h2 l$ d$ E. }, qDiscussion+ l: X& v2 f% h8 [/ _8 s) S- M
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 j8 j! ~" s% \& Q% P' Tsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 L8 d1 [, a3 P- VPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 z5 H7 R& h0 b$ k; o
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( P3 V: x8 A' L& l, {( p
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% Q8 o5 F2 n; s+ k% v
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP/ m( b0 r$ k7 _) ^6 g% z5 Z
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 m) e8 M# S8 X+ O6 @responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, D% C2 k; o( J. x  V
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! [* k. F) H7 H$ l3 {sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in* z$ H2 U! K2 V- [- O
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 @+ v7 j4 n/ \* x: {ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-  B! [# {! h- T! X" r
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, o9 T& M. \1 s; h7 r3 E4 [! Q
gonadotropins.1,3
; H. Q+ f. k2 x. JGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ e( d0 {6 y  m
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- T; z3 h7 m& n  |: M6 j+ Jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 p7 R  T2 Q' ?9 `1 b/ N8 p( \
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-9 n, r& O6 v! y4 M, P6 R) n
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing- W" v4 E2 H2 `7 ], o
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ `. H2 o+ I# Y+ ^$ n* Nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
. w- m4 S/ N2 }1 y* v. K$ f" Dpuberty in boys.3,48 h7 H" T. q1 C% h5 G! T  `; v& e+ h
The most common form of congenital adrenal4 s: B+ O. U1 y. ^5 g( [6 q, p( D
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. N7 \& S  u/ s8 I+ xThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in2 v9 R# e; N* p/ B2 {. |8 Q- B
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
/ J( R! g/ Q2 A9 V( e$ Z  z3 F4 ^an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ q4 E; O: J3 f0 Sexcess.1,3
7 h5 B0 A# K1 k$ Y* [( Oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 ]$ g# _& ?8 Q. V7 V
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 `3 R1 L0 u; r$ D
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
8 \8 E6 J$ L4 I0 N3 oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known% Z- X9 k  X( ]. j+ B4 e
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% J9 Y, a( D" b. q! j
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
; |3 w9 J0 V- R: k! }with this disorder are full pubertal development,
# W$ {. Y' S9 f/ l7 {" g" {including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 h0 i, }+ N8 n& C* U7 Z
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
  `1 f# ~( x+ U$ l- S" Dare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 _8 F$ n0 }4 e  c0 x$ F/ U9 M
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& o; [, M/ N; {2 r  k/ o2 Q) C) U" u
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" k/ {2 v" {' ?  {0 J$ e
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, n. t* s/ ~+ G+ w/ ]9 {* ymales; therefore, other male members of the family
1 w( G2 J0 V8 x; k' hmay have similar precocious puberty.3' s7 \( G2 P! z' \$ t" y) D& `- g* J
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 r: O; [( D4 {0 d0 N, K9 r  O0 Esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-9 W9 Q3 A! ]  g0 d5 T" g
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* d- f7 {$ E8 P6 l$ a
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
0 k0 C, Q/ h& S% ]started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
+ @# o" z( S$ r, ytesticular enlargement is not that evident in the: p  t8 z2 k4 o. _8 B
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# s2 I" v) c& @7 m* @ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& f/ F- @; j' A) [& `biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
+ s* n, d3 h1 Geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# a3 c+ w+ I6 }$ ?+ h
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
8 Q; p! h  c8 c' f+ w8 s! hing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
8 c' K! |: x# C3 R3 dThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly2 U% M+ T0 f' g
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
! P  ?. E! Z, t* z4 b9 Pthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, h3 `3 j( j3 Z, m, J) qpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) W+ W& P& [/ @
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-  Z6 C0 Q8 g5 G  c* L
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; x& [9 f4 A! ~6 {: qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ z# B9 Y+ b1 Z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or: E, g/ N3 m7 G3 k% d- i8 p
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
7 F! p- u0 g) z7 F" Hunprotected females through direct skin exposure.0 f+ K" Q, s7 L; p
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' h+ u' i2 n" G( _! Mbaseline value in those females who were exposed to6 S% Q8 O1 t4 F
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 p7 v; k! X6 D, s# ]: G( k0 wpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-- m# N5 Q) k( d6 M8 k& L+ ?7 p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.8 m/ T. J! D/ l: L
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 i1 A, h7 _) N& u5 Dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 _" ~' _- ]4 `& o- @
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! T. m# R1 y* p9 r& z8 d$ L/ L
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
% A2 ?: L( Y; s, H( s) [9 O. ?; ~' W, oactive in young children exposed to testosterone
$ |6 ?& ^6 D" e+ p% x, O8 ]4 }exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
  d* X! ^+ L- K- W0 Z: p1 D* Q. p$ Bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to# X" m( g) ]! r4 ^6 C2 M3 m9 H
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in. X# M0 F! |" B: z) v. y6 N5 P
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
( D7 d5 o  O5 ?% N  n; ~. Nadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ l# Y" w- f3 D0 p$ ?# c5 p
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during8 H4 W+ B$ p6 w+ f. U* f3 T
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; F  w5 q$ z4 \! c) N* J7 madult height are not fully known and always remain
1 j" }& C2 `* ~6 n7 ~3 W! t; Ia concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
4 u9 L: K% l5 E1 m8 \  ?terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some$ f7 y0 y- l1 ^% G- I  ]
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after; {5 b* F  ?5 F2 r: r' f0 M0 O
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation2 Q! y) }1 q6 `3 S4 J
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9( O! R9 T+ E$ D8 o" u
There are conflicting reports and controversy
. n# s$ e* f% E/ y# @, [1 Lover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 x" @# J( S) R9 [; \; @
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( f' ^7 u: v. Madult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
6 D3 W- e+ z1 G- Rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
) }6 Q9 k. j5 J0 D) DSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ l3 @$ H* ]' ]2 _  U! zchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
5 W( m2 u3 ]6 e) ^6 I2 |$ Bpenile length in clinical studies.2 y2 B# L/ i! ^* j2 Q) S
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 e" ^. i3 U2 A) W& fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from5 D0 N! s* S8 Q& d+ J7 m" v8 F4 v. ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) K+ V$ W3 M: E
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: c3 G) }& A5 B0 VAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of' l0 i9 i: N  a: J! F& d
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at" C9 C: ^9 r" a: e
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 v4 f: ]! y: L& @
height will not be affected.# m$ b$ q# P$ z: `1 t
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-" E, {$ E: i1 M# o: T
ability of androgen products in our society may1 `1 B" b  a; a9 {
indeed cause more virilization in male or female& g; l* P, H( v6 g7 F0 Q
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' h! h. W* t' |, j7 X+ ]( C
gen products must be considered and specific ques-+ W7 c0 w/ c0 a1 c" x, Y3 {" |1 S3 b
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
- s  P8 t9 e% u' j9 J+ c3 r, t( Pgel should be asked of the family members during
/ B5 G; `% I; O* K; L+ X/ Q$ ^the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# g) z7 U3 H4 P' s# R/ dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! ?/ f" G# w+ A* W3 q$ k4 `& Gnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
4 a! u; a) @3 A5 p' I; Dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a. W* u1 T- t1 N( ]& N, l) ^) r
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may, `% J" ?* [6 R  [) k: [9 n+ ]# F9 ?
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ z3 o; ]; F- k5 F4 `0 B+ w- }investigation. The primary care physician should be# O/ Y& \0 L. s! z
aware of this fact, because most of these children
5 j9 S( I1 ]$ c: @: d4 O7 Omay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
  X3 M: C3 \  d* i' ~Desk Reference and package insert should also put a: {8 v7 h7 G* P, s6 d
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 d" g: o) |/ X) p% K  Qfemale child who might come in contact with some-
5 K" {3 _7 a+ t) hone using any of these products.
5 R3 x2 I1 k4 o4 C* O) ~+ I% `- UReferences: x$ ^5 j' I' L7 d( E2 Z' W
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ _5 ]) X. v% E4 s9 ^: {: Oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" P; I* V, P) s# qEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 t5 S* H5 P: h- i' h4 F+ ?- [
2002: 565-628.
- Y/ V; q  E& P# F2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; _3 j2 i4 C! b/ z  |" V0 zpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

7 d# e& V" ~5 D% [# v/ q9 K1 P精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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