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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( ~4 g! Q' p- e zBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
5 y- p* i6 k* UExposure to Testosterone
3 m3 i% w5 c& h- Q9 o( B1 p$ RSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2# {/ ^7 N, o2 n- N( [3 E N
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 X- f8 A/ D) f$ Y; r' Z6 Y7 D
Clinical Pediatrics* }. o! b. a& t8 \# i2 g) v$ U
Volume 46 Number 6- t- [% K- Y* W+ J5 T! b
July 2007 540-543
* i+ }) F; {* d$ ^5 @© 2007 Sage Publications4 S/ i4 P! K/ m% v0 ]2 G
10.1177/00099228062966511 G/ a3 v# H5 t; j5 ~6 g5 a
http://clp.sagepub.com
3 {3 V8 H6 l$ Q- b0 {hosted at( E: z9 B3 B9 A# w, R3 H! Y2 ~
http://online.sagepub.com% D/ p& {5 l' G
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* D+ {7 h( I7 i! U, ^- ~9 Ais a significant concern for physicians. Central; ]* C$ S/ x: L2 c4 M) [
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- X7 x6 s1 z2 @) v) |& a
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has' a1 K! q6 y F$ J7 C( T- W {( B7 Q7 U
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. O6 s/ w' e0 ^; w! @lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* n& R" z6 Q, H7 i6 e" }1 Y0 J+ O
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 ]; i- o; R; q& Q* L m. _
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 A) H% p* c$ m% Qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% v# ] M0 W( y5 Ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& W8 S0 M3 r8 }. O% v: p/ w( i+ b
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! B9 x* A8 x% V2 k# `. ]+ ^
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: i7 y Z) k7 ^0 M( _to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ {% `1 S6 r! q; y" {2 Ithe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
$ ?( I; m! z' _5 C b# z) Qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this1 j3 F1 [9 ~" Z, x- \9 i
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of. q: ^6 Q- R1 A
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
6 ^5 z* T6 Y9 {6 {bly more common than the rare case report in the
& L0 }! `1 ]0 Kliterature.4
0 t# l& Z* u* w x6 L3 X# ^Patient Report' ? o: }/ F5 ^: g
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the- u- P! ?- [+ {* U
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 e+ _: T1 |; E' Q7 t( Sof early sexual development. His mother noticed* c$ _+ D- m7 ~7 o8 E- |% G
light colored pubic hair development when he was
! g: l. p( z' L' t$ Z0 z* V& oFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ B+ m: i& j6 E7 }8 i% rSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
g6 P5 ]' O1 |Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 n& h/ x4 u+ h% I% P4 [0 R; L
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of- S! C4 |& v) U3 Z/ B
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 W' |/ |% ~7 M n
e-mail: [email protected].& t! k8 b7 G3 B M! a# j# e% R, U |
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became* S' I5 w4 @9 y) h
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-7 \; \, i/ Q, n' x Y) X
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ R+ }# C8 J% N/ I9 P' s8 h$ o
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 U& X* ?7 K* L0 u/ [# [ A/ T H
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 k" D" e1 m5 _4 y5 O6 |
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year+ @7 G0 C+ W. E: y% A9 J
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ A* n! ?/ v; }9 E
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 o- T7 e7 ^/ o* Oand his psychosocial and psychomotor development, Q+ d# A: z: i: ?# h$ @# t$ L" \
was age appropriate.9 ~2 c' e/ w- Q$ ]
The family history was remarkable for the father,
1 c. N# l6 T" o5 F& ^& }who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, B/ `, L8 ]& Q$ p0 |0 rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* G' s" d! V0 U3 k. d( ?
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 b/ C6 E/ V, O* i7 n, n7 y( pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& v0 V+ ~( j# O6 [. m3 ^7 I& n' N
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 @) W: r' C2 h- C+ A$ Q# M7 ^
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ w& I; b$ u v; @! c
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet p4 e( q a9 X& N, d
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& I: _& g2 @( D% c( a, W5 [
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-5 X! E% z- ?% l* V" f8 _/ U" c
tives. There were no siblings.
8 @- H7 |( `! b7 ]: G/ M) ?Physical Examination
0 H5 V1 v; u2 i! P' NThe physical examination revealed a very active,
, `6 G( s( i3 G# _# eplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 O4 s' r/ H* L+ `8 B
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# l# M, M5 G/ }90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) x p0 P! _) r
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
) M$ p- E$ n; t' gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 R7 ^( p+ c# Y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.& D% T j" c$ q$ K, G: d9 K
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# e) @# `0 R/ o$ T! J3 renlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
6 b. l; l$ Q1 @+ s+ F8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
6 s3 _8 W8 }5 W% D- ^developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, W0 A+ G! P# v( q2 w540
2 l! G4 G2 Q6 ]* Z+ k5 tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 ^, e& @; b, B" nthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The1 v7 q; {( G( w& p& D% d
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! N" ?) i% i* j |The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- j: v, V# b6 ^. k
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no N9 C2 B! z- { Y$ S
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 j1 I. K, r' s* H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+ a4 c& s$ `) A# Y* M! R
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 Y+ Z" R: y' j" J" _" L, O' v, q
of papilledema.
' T$ P+ @7 E9 K b4 ZLaboratory Evaluation
t/ E" P0 u6 H$ T5 PThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 |. T% S4 ]5 @4 y0 p; A* N
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono- L" |" A4 O! _5 ]8 o Z6 ~9 j, `+ y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 Y3 Z5 N' A$ W2 k, tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test I% d! V. Z' \9 j& t
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 C6 `. Q$ a7 o1 Ulating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* }" J5 {3 t: \$ l9 T4 K
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ l/ c9 ?, r f- Y$ W
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
- M2 J* t1 @0 o: ^* `within normal range for his age. The concentration
+ w, p( C" @1 s7 jof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
' D! O( ~ N4 [6 `1 G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! S2 h$ v% Q6 ^* m0 Tng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
) U1 t/ B/ r+ L! F n8 Cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 C2 ^1 R) ?- L& O' ^* t0 ?desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 K! t% }7 t+ k3 L2 x) ?49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" d4 v/ `5 z$ I: v; X
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ k1 C4 M+ O9 t+ G$ }0 mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total3 h6 L1 f: H+ r: T" z0 l, k. ]
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 { ]& Y0 S* s+ }
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: r" O# a& K, \
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ }# U. A' R( a0 A' @
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
k K! f- L D& I* Z" K ^concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL9 \) r0 j$ p4 B* T7 h
(prepubertal).
% |+ h) Y3 _* D! RThe parents were notified about the laboratory: b& l+ M$ y) a) E" e
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ O" K! V" z( r" Snormal except the testosterone level was high. The( W+ C' h; c5 ?# f7 q8 i! S. g
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 G2 {, W3 e$ T2 n2 o& S. `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# w9 u' q: Z8 \9 m2 sever, the family did not return for 4 months.
- \/ z3 o+ q0 N0 x% m& VPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
% j2 |0 W! m9 \, ~2 @5 Pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained& j j% ]0 ~% Z" K$ ?: h
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 s W/ _5 z' e; u0 c
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% Y" \) P/ d4 V: U( N$ c
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at J2 N; o6 Y! Q: ?* f( x9 K0 i% {: O
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ P4 C& g) D3 g9 Y. q& L, x
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
; X* y: d% C4 ?6 J/ i+ S+ I/ r; ]The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 d6 {4 g- \4 }* h8 S. G* E8 D: W$ q
ing frequent erections.
" P+ f6 L4 _5 K5 P4 R/ ~Both parents were again questioned about use of
) ~, U7 f9 q) @3 f! ?; wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
* z3 d# y, m/ z' o& f4 U' _4 xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) W6 ?& X+ R) @1 T! A9 P
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 d, h4 J& u" z* puse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ O9 E4 H; i* j, v3 @+ F# Wing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 Y/ n4 s; J$ w9 A
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
# A D0 u9 B4 y0 Vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-2 F- O' R3 u5 g: N- z7 W" e
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 D1 R, x2 J! x/ T2 psecondary to depression.
: k5 n) z9 p5 `8 FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ |, h8 g) x9 x: @% A) f& MThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
' |7 _) y; k: _7 F8 Mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 o- x! h" u$ Ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
0 t5 a$ M- q P+ G! _( Q9 p; o) ?The father also admitted that after the phone call,
7 d7 F& c; i- g" v, [: Swhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
9 M- w& L3 e" Y) x& xwas high, he then read the product information
4 u5 P/ f: d" \& s O" Y% }packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-6 }7 ]( _/ |& _7 h/ w& [
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
6 M+ G3 \0 u/ u& [decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
& X) `/ [4 C' r4 @father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 Y/ f( r1 I, m7 I1 V0 Wbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone, q" Q, F( v$ ~2 r0 z5 p0 }
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
7 z7 G% Y3 q. U6 I2 A8 [laboratory to obtain the test./ s" e7 c1 m/ u9 }
Discussion
- m/ R: C9 n3 b2 Z& n2 y" RPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary6 Z2 t* ~% u" H) e: S: X
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4) e" R' F7 n# z3 Z5 @0 z
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
. ]) ^! C- w/ U2 ]4 h# I+ @it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& l; L. U l4 Cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ U6 q$ @, W* f1 |% k* a. X
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; o- k8 ]3 n" s) S% {
may have a central nervous system lesion that is0 X# n% Z# p4 o! p7 Y' E
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% ?- O, {( f5 W5 n7 Z" h0 N
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
5 l0 @, Y9 M& ~* k( J' ^2 qsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ E+ |3 H% G5 a' G1 M* ] Gboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' J$ q4 ?- |4 J! o( F uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# b- ~: f( f0 ^rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: w. p3 V1 Q# Y7 _
gonadotropins.1,36 z: Y; I# O8 }9 f/ W
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-( ]; k3 a' w) w# R
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 s8 B# y; D1 Z- ~androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or! ~8 h: [8 J0 U; r) @
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
- l. L2 ?( S6 I8 C1 w4 qulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& I4 Y3 |) d2 F+ ~9 t6 G: A
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# W1 R: y' I# ]. badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
1 f' Y+ ~9 n0 Y! }; g5 n) r* Npuberty in boys.3,4% ^% V% S; M; j0 ~* ^- S- ?6 ~8 d
The most common form of congenital adrenal! t& h1 `' |2 {" @7 j7 e2 x
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 t0 X' T( k( \$ v# t
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
3 P! ^! {! c5 r" n8 N0 Pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
h" U R" ^5 d# Yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 c! X P, G; k8 h; v' r; _8 t
excess.1,3; m m* u7 p) X" i9 x
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 j6 l" [' [& u' a
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! A9 r: X3 z$ X$ m3 I! |+ [4 `A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
1 k- l2 D# M( [7 Jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 [7 A3 P* m+ R; X( Sas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ \! z+ b9 k$ | Qvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
+ D6 o4 m( t( V `* n3 H9 Z0 @0 ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 g6 A5 c' \0 m5 p0 Eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ P: J( I0 ~& e* |& t2 w
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* Y6 X/ q# A( U I! M
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- q% \8 q `) ~, u$ L' j; I4 _! {pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-5 \+ I" s" ]) o
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# K; X% }' R% R' k! ]2 gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 r+ k- t* @3 B3 Q Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family# X' j- P6 y9 n+ e; A
may have similar precocious puberty.3
' |6 b/ W( l* ~) M- H3 |In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 M& b; i k2 }9 Tsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-, G) [/ m% Y' u5 U
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
3 t( w& b) c2 Q3 n- N& S5 gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
' x5 e9 b# z9 T! istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' y. G+ _+ b l, E+ |1 Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the- i" a6 y8 q3 y" I# U& V
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ I- H7 h9 }) s" g* v9 Bative initial history of androgen exposure, our
# A+ C8 c# W4 ]. H' b: Fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
: i8 s( P5 d& _7 s- m* T D9 z3 |either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
o6 M' y+ T) |- K; ^ wdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 F# ]. @% Z6 L8 v0 y% d
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 Z% P) ?9 p; u) O3 R+ R
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly5 v' r6 O) z1 w+ f3 M
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
/ m# ]! Y% a B5 t# k4 tthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-! e9 j1 A9 M- |: H* ^6 b) {3 L
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 H0 I; a8 ^3 Y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 V3 X; _$ Y: s$ ~! g8 g- D
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' m2 t; n6 w9 D1 l# m
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 q9 q. u0 S8 |4 |4 n, ?( G
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" s/ G- K6 S1 |% B0 u. lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ j' I2 j0 @7 B4 I z- Kunprotected females through direct skin exposure.: \/ U8 k* u9 u) `) X* n
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% w! w; X7 D; _5 m4 _! O7 P: u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) l; G8 v, O/ j6 b* ]- W B
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% ]- f" V8 w. G/ V/ Z% b" k1 @partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( Z7 f, K4 P5 L) otion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
3 \5 G% w7 s/ U! r" g5 B/ {Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 V. z) o- ]# N3 Y: n% m7 lwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! ], `+ Z) ]- D, _
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* P: [# C+ k* M# }
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more/ W( q' X0 k! S5 h( o; I+ L. i
active in young children exposed to testosterone+ t- j- R8 \8 N& X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ U( ?" u: a- ?, q" X& _# n
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
& G& s, F2 X3 J. m7 k+ q$ g- T$ w) kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in6 A( d) M! |* T9 k
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 g5 T4 l7 k& j3 }( z' Q7 iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' P; |# ^' w' a- @' s [9 ~The long-term effect of androgen exposure during/ M/ l9 g4 D& x8 k- C
early childhood on pubertal development and final5 H* |3 V* e P; Z4 E+ b+ V
adult height are not fully known and always remain
2 P' c( Z9 F& v0 L( {# ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 \" f+ W7 _9 F+ X
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 Y+ C( D; u% d0 F2 W/ i$ B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after5 {" @+ N- q; W: K# j
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
" }+ j% p+ v( w3 a3 Bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, ^; X( y. L DThere are conflicting reports and controversy
; V$ M' n* R1 S0 Dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
' x( ^$ m# T7 `2 Kpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- H" _" G( y0 ~9 i, o$ `0 q- o
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 _# ` A' W/ D* v# E! r( bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 S+ Y$ _. T& |2 o: z, Q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between$ L: }! f7 h# s7 U; \/ H$ T
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult" ^$ y ?5 }3 {! b) V0 S
penile length in clinical studies.8 D9 z* D2 H. w( s6 n# G
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is: E; V' c/ V7 p, Z7 W) B- r9 ~* ~
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 i' U# P) q' f$ k, K- ~; Q1 L4 dtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because& T# ^7 R! z2 \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
8 L/ g, X6 I7 e& A) ?8 q& W6 UAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
+ X F! @" V/ S }0 G6 idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 d D' K" S6 U1 Z0 C( kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' M8 {% Z% e9 n/ gheight will not be affected.) N; l8 v, {8 u7 y& R5 T: W
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
* y7 H* l4 B( F; b* M4 ~ability of androgen products in our society may
3 R0 f0 W0 Q- t0 X! r# cindeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 J# T m X& r" R5 ^children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
& Z2 J" B+ F. Dgen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 `% e9 v. g6 ^6 Mtioning about the use of a testosterone product or" S1 p) T8 r/ {* n6 e: Y
gel should be asked of the family members during
6 L' H/ _4 `: _" {8 B- c/ B) a- dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 ^% o4 U6 x5 y" P0 j) ^: I9 b+ s- Hilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ o2 B9 C0 E7 Rnosis can be established by just a few tests and by" v2 Y3 W- J Y5 L/ I0 N; `& l
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- k1 D0 N! b4 B2 _1 dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 {! w+ h. k) x2 i) ~4 L/ Zresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( A5 L0 k. S2 {+ W" l" C4 ]( |
investigation. The primary care physician should be
3 d8 G+ J/ v5 u! xaware of this fact, because most of these children
' X9 b6 d: s( H' f8 V: Umay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# X+ g' z- v0 z6 ^( S) P9 X" ^7 I
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
8 g' H2 n/ Q, t: e, b* i Fwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 R' S: M( H, P# B4 G% l' _1 C, Wfemale child who might come in contact with some-2 P6 n. X) K3 B3 B
one using any of these products.2 A% C$ y) V5 P6 F5 s) ]9 F
References
1 @) P2 }- H5 }: E" B1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation# l8 k! @8 k8 ]" K5 F% R d
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
/ x( B3 S3 v. o) NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; `3 g3 U2 O! ?9 n( Z9 I1 e, N
2002: 565-628.
. v% e+ O* F0 B! u% U/ I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
" G, @! W7 o$ n/ H$ q9 M: fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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