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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( \- I3 v! b- c$ y" X# p9 _Boy Induced by Indirect Topical2 q1 a! o; s5 r( N4 b  w8 K# s
Exposure to Testosterone
: e7 x, i" d' x# [7 VSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- C# |0 a5 }: ^7 R* O4 v! Hand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD19 s/ S  G# f2 i# u
Clinical Pediatrics
, ~- d7 u& I0 [Volume 46 Number 6, w# ~/ B/ B. q, z
July 2007 540-543
' M& L( G/ H3 l. _, _) S1 T2 C© 2007 Sage Publications
- F; \: Y* m7 o: h' J+ j$ \10.1177/00099228062966513 x8 y7 V9 W5 }+ b3 Z
http://clp.sagepub.com
! z3 Q! z. s/ `0 Q' _hosted at) z2 G. {( l' ?) f2 w$ ~+ X. o
http://online.sagepub.com& E2 `3 y9 h0 f1 k
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,9 `+ d, a1 {; Z6 p5 z- s, X5 a$ X
is a significant concern for physicians. Central+ z4 a( S$ @. Y, T
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, w1 X# [! \: w$ E* v: ?1 zthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has7 V% j% \$ V3 V! H3 {5 j" L/ o
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
) Q$ g6 D% z/ Xlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* Y( u9 Z1 C, M" C! g/ k7 H4 q  _) A7 k, nby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% Y$ ~3 |* M2 ?* I0 S; j
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-1 \- u) P3 e# C4 o4 G3 d
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ K1 }5 Q: H) s; C6 Y, ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
8 O" S+ ?) t, V  `enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 q; y6 s: a9 B7 Q& S
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ o# F) \0 u0 `to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by0 g( p3 B) o% @2 V! b
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-  @. E" M% C  A& ?/ V2 n, a
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ c: J* ?/ [0 ]9 k2 e
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" M; y7 M  E( `  ^testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-% O- \2 u9 k4 t, N! E+ U
bly more common than the rare case report in the6 X# c/ _' ?2 E( s  M
literature.4
4 Q+ l" g1 @4 x7 u, B! U: cPatient Report9 K' Q/ K* F$ d, ^7 d! q$ e# e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the; X) V1 X0 J  `% ?  c
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
  H' v3 ?$ b2 V3 d5 vof early sexual development. His mother noticed7 x7 ]. [3 I/ ]8 s6 o
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 V0 W( l7 \& r+ ~
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of3 b8 B( V- Y* D! w& }
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
& f+ l7 {4 J+ Z( I) L; nAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# K% y7 F# P) d5 W2 i3 b6 u
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ J& H4 `5 P& x4 G. z4 oMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;. R" z( C8 ~0 c7 ?8 l/ Z7 m2 L
e-mail: [email protected].
9 ?) L" i; b; I0 r7 X! Rabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became* b" X+ ^: N* x" Q2 J/ ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-2 f! @' f9 m. f( k3 L! h
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
8 P6 I+ }% d( C! Owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with8 Z4 Q7 L: c8 I9 m# U
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: G" J. @/ u& o" l' U( n20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( o6 M! h& y8 p8 S2 S: f* j/ ^of life and was still receiving breast milk along with# n% }3 i: I  [- D% S: Y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,2 }5 t% {6 y+ }& X( o! X
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 n! ]; q# V- e' @' ]1 z$ o+ m! e' U
was age appropriate.
' e/ H/ ~9 x0 |6 Y0 d9 t4 TThe family history was remarkable for the father,
/ ]' G* R1 i" z; L4 O- g1 {who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 U7 D! P% u& u4 B4 u
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s# R5 p; C+ A/ d% H
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 O3 v- E/ J: O' x3 t
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 ]2 I! j4 n  vThe father denied taking any other medication. The) C: i0 D) Q6 S
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
* q# d3 ]. ^9 E, |* H5 iwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
. T6 b7 Z) h; I" m% J5 h/ V5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 Q( _# \1 q( V; N7 N) O& F1 i# a
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 c# E. d  E4 B+ `% F- f( G. H6 Ftives. There were no siblings." T, E4 m' e+ U: S. Q" \5 o( P
Physical Examination
8 R! E7 z8 R$ P7 f. u4 E! i/ hThe physical examination revealed a very active,5 l: G; i! x7 T) V/ L
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented! h1 R6 [' l$ n* I. [1 i
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was  P) f6 g' g* `" z% y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg& M: [, E  o, t- w2 U1 K1 M! u  }: K" Q
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* y0 M0 f% x# N( c
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
9 S4 c6 x4 R/ S9 v" |; ~  Bthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ J; H5 t9 z3 h. @- ~8 c" qThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 ]) w; n$ I% a3 X# u& yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of: C' z1 ]6 [7 d3 t
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ a$ [$ E+ Z5 H7 O( ]: m; U# L
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
5 T9 K& a" D0 E1 |4 ?; B: t540
/ C+ r# \9 j! f3 ?& s. H2 F' n4 @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) {" F# U& p% g+ _+ Q8 ethe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
5 G' G: H: }0 g# m# E! q2 Mtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! A5 Q. N. R+ ]+ G9 E
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" e! Z4 o4 w2 p3 V$ qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no7 i' ^' F" a+ k) F
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
. v7 o$ h& z: A1 H9 i+ N# rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+2 x, i, d3 y- h
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) j& F% Z: `6 x; q  C  N) d/ Wof papilledema.9 H, [& e) B* {$ m- {
Laboratory Evaluation% `# I# H: Q0 v/ }( u7 Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by# K: k2 J5 n/ `' Y( Y- d
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" D. ^2 [+ E2 [3 c. p
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
  r' d- w! L2 Pkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test! w6 I. Z; F  x2 o0 N; @4 p. h
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
3 i3 @  S' {2 d9 L9 [4 Nlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
) m' v) `1 O# f  N7 ~9 G% a' S  B2 mThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
2 }9 x3 }. O9 G  y/ U) L1 Y$ eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# l/ N1 y) f  b, i, U8 A- z/ Rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration( c) }) A& e, P" l
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
" R2 E+ }- i. a5 ?0 q' j! t(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 Q1 z9 K9 N+ B, q* ?% o
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: @2 J$ S4 h; R" E/ `terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- S7 |0 O: d  g. V
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 {# P) F) G. T49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* n% j* T( K& H/ d' p4 cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
1 R4 J$ K* ~- Ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
% `8 u" S  w9 y5 e& r0 A3 Ltestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),  g  d8 L4 Z( f  O6 N# O5 c8 ^" I4 A
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 G' {& I+ B8 p; t9 D8 A2 z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 S- w8 z9 y0 `- r% ~
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone3 ~" u. j  `, B, i; j7 J4 t
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
( C; H9 f6 ?$ h" \0 S4 @. g3 U* Y(prepubertal).: L( c3 [2 W- |8 B
The parents were notified about the laboratory1 s3 T% R( L' B# U" w
results and were informed that all of the tests were% c0 e- P* C0 }! x! v+ l) F1 V
normal except the testosterone level was high. The# m9 L/ b# d* a' S! ?+ Y
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' }, [8 x5 A2 X, _" U% E' Tobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. c5 A. u, [9 h* R' B8 v$ D
ever, the family did not return for 4 months., |- y* n  z; l2 g2 }( {9 Z
Physical examination at this time revealed that the& l& t, X0 ?7 v
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
) T; g2 c7 U; b& W3 C; N* s% }' \2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
$ P# z5 d  k4 g  w0 l7 r" m( Hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ h' W2 ]. }1 r) v. [
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' g* c( q9 U2 G3 Z. K0 j/ X+ _, |the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2; L4 K+ f6 m2 X3 d0 f
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
! d" ]6 a8 H/ u9 H8 \The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
# ^6 m# V' A: t- Ting frequent erections.
2 _1 u2 t; C2 g1 m- ^Both parents were again questioned about use of! Y$ X8 Y2 z9 _3 N2 k1 i
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
9 X3 Z5 c( W3 Cthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 Z5 l, |8 Q1 G6 V  B; \- G  j$ BTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541/ Y+ h" U2 G. |. [8 d: T! P0 W
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 I2 ^; I) I/ l, B& ^
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( ]) \+ v- }- d$ T  u3 \
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed3 [. Z; _1 L& I% _" a
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-% R. Y  d4 [0 Y! k* ]2 i) m
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
' R5 y/ @; a- j9 A! M) t8 wsecondary to depression.$ P4 n' U8 Y' \$ W# S$ e* x5 w
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 T$ x, d) X' P9 {: J* iThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
8 C" q8 c8 D0 p1 d8 `6 `* o0 Kchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-& T/ h$ \; |7 M
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
- {, q  o4 t( W4 V! r' ZThe father also admitted that after the phone call,) R# ~0 K, Q  Q3 R
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: V8 d5 J( _/ S- B# F" Kwas high, he then read the product information$ Q% ?- J$ \* v& @$ [
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! p( E1 N* a! n3 ^
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 M# F" S# g) ~" u3 Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' h/ s3 @/ h! R( [! M
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had/ Q0 b2 d/ d2 Z, J. P
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone5 I7 e6 Z1 {/ [$ _
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the2 m& X9 o( g5 `( t- h- U1 d7 b
laboratory to obtain the test.# J: t% s6 A) p* m8 W; b% G
Discussion0 Z: a# U4 X' x% y3 ?& r
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
1 a: ^; e: v! j4 g2 @sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4# X! K. z; J% w8 q+ k" m
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
5 Z; d# S  a! X9 b) ~it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-8 ?3 j# J' t3 U) h
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, Z9 `' k6 R: D$ l7 S: W: e! h$ R
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
, Z9 h. y  ^  q5 m+ R* K: m! H3 U* y% Mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is" @1 r* P2 \8 a- d7 w
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: d- p% q. ~$ v" h" @( ?9 c
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-/ q1 k) o  a( z- S( i. P
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
+ P& M+ o' P  G1 Hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-+ Z. _/ \3 B. u, l& d
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' z4 U; l' s4 b; g' z* _2 Qrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% M. R4 H" L( ?3 \5 n% O6 Z
gonadotropins.1,3! t6 V2 D5 K* J/ n; h3 q" O
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
5 f2 k3 w7 K* @cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; C; d1 K! i3 s7 Q& Kandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or, F* O- \& R1 ~9 B/ }  w
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 F7 v* b9 k9 i" E( |) K- hulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing$ N+ S0 ^" j$ F
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 g* [# n3 q. g) W* q4 R. w! @% w3 Cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 E0 X7 h7 p  zpuberty in boys.3,4, u( I4 w! j2 K& M
The most common form of congenital adrenal0 U9 Z# i7 E3 q+ S* v
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# \# f+ s" P/ F. F- ^: S
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
: N  U& @) X+ q3 w4 x8 u0 Oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,5 E8 h$ `% f6 z6 K' m
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen0 w; N' O3 J- N1 [! n2 t( S" q& Z
excess.1,3
4 w! D) q0 H0 R4 v% cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, y8 {4 f) o/ u$ R% X3 b+ Y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; a! [2 }- T) G7 x* Z; X2 a8 t
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-" x7 I; w% }& l% T/ f. m
independent precocious puberty, which is also known3 H: ]' F: K, g9 x
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a3 d$ E6 w4 h0 n; R& m
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 @9 S# F# C" a' S3 M1 Uwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 d; a& F. W2 u% L9 D: Uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& w7 Y4 i: l, C' U  @( H4 d0 m
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ V3 j4 S8 D- w: e2 Jare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: C8 M9 R3 `- ]# j0 p5 B) I5 ~
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 x! C; ~  q# _" K+ J) kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; |9 E* h+ w- |( \; I6 @0 n  P+ G; T
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 @; r. s, H# N- g, Y2 `6 Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family0 ~1 c& h- p% W* h
may have similar precocious puberty.37 ?  N* [9 _0 L% ~% |
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
6 M/ N; F" \+ G5 \3 |sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 f6 G2 T3 {, f3 q* |cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' {0 X0 @, ?& o, t7 e* {, L% Pwas in the differential diagnosis because his father/ c+ q9 @! B% o3 v1 l) v
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
6 s# O' p3 F- K, p* Gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the( H( B0 V; q4 {9 H5 a6 s
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( F2 G( L- }; l" t/ S8 _
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
  t# n- V- y. n4 @% wbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ ~0 o% q) c. H' i5 G. A6 K) S
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase6 J! N1 E' l; @% @( p6 Q: X% A
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-) r/ @' Q% C  k% C5 K
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 m/ U, E% `% m; u! z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly6 K, f7 Z0 D3 Y/ B0 J, e! ^1 n2 ]2 A
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
7 F" t# v  |. p  }/ C" u/ ythe physical examination revealed the complete disap-3 ?# z2 G$ Q1 l! t4 g6 O- t) m! q( s% _
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
$ T5 y- E1 C# G5 _1 [7 i: ?decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
) }( |" ?& m3 Vterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 J, [  D6 {% V0 l7 S: t/ L' f
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) k- N1 z3 s/ a+ H3 m  ZDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or  }; a  @" q, f2 ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 N" b$ X. x0 }$ \3 n1 uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) k. W4 k( V' B  c3 qSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
4 k# F+ D4 S7 ]) w% z/ Abaseline value in those females who were exposed to
  n% Y  X) ]0 b- I8 h; Reven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- Z3 K0 |) a3 [" R( t  l3 f+ N
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 j$ s; h7 \9 H; R. C
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.9 S/ v8 Q5 [1 F6 w# N1 ^8 U+ Z& z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) f2 O1 v" E  u0 W" [  a; A
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ B! D9 H( s1 r7 W$ L$ S! N& }" L
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" V. h0 D5 t% p
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 I1 I, }8 d, z
active in young children exposed to testosterone: L+ q, v3 a( L, D: w9 |' `
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-8 v" m$ v8 ~3 r: _: O+ }
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to6 Q7 F1 z3 T5 {  m6 p
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in* x$ r8 j; X; ~' G
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 j6 a1 N8 V: w+ I! ^5 Z
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 U3 ?2 {! E7 E7 R' y$ X! h
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during! J; P9 d3 N" q% @- U* V* q: |
early childhood on pubertal development and final% K6 f9 N. k7 I$ W- j
adult height are not fully known and always remain  @) G' i0 Z: K* g' r
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( J6 b0 W( G8 u# B3 L' J8 k1 m* Wterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 K) i( C/ d- B6 q8 qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 G- G4 |* i6 }8 f0 J# Z' D6 q, [cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 o+ w8 C4 P1 q& Q+ C( `4 U0 ]
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 v/ U% O  v! \) e+ ^9 _; K, J0 J
There are conflicting reports and controversy
2 H9 a, w) l: ]over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# |" z2 z3 t) o/ ^- i
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
- |; Y3 r1 V, p" [2 Q- Nadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
& {; i5 E& Y1 j2 g) kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
0 f: |0 Y8 M& hSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between: x6 s' i" Z& F: X6 S) Z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: T' y6 o- ~$ O% G
penile length in clinical studies.
9 D- C7 O% B/ b3 f3 q" mNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is; i2 o% t' e$ a8 F: L6 w8 v
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
; f) J. `3 d* g  k* A8 ~3 ]9 T$ M# ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because; I8 S, [5 I- B& H( \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
  X( v0 v' U- vAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 d1 w  d0 V  }5 \' w7 v4 sdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at5 M8 J" @' Y" A# }: E
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
2 ^9 N) W* i$ R8 Uheight will not be affected., w" ]6 y$ x: H  Y$ B: L- }- S1 T
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 T& d+ P6 A- uability of androgen products in our society may
7 S: s6 h* k/ n! f% G+ g% Lindeed cause more virilization in male or female4 F- ~3 h& ?6 [/ V/ J) }! [' ^0 X
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-" B, B- q0 a7 @8 X4 x; M/ A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
% F9 I' q/ k& P4 ^9 \3 B) q/ K& dtioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ J0 n/ q, A1 A7 t/ t( l# E' F
gel should be asked of the family members during
% Y5 V( K- n( {' }' h/ z6 _% T8 ^5 z6 _the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 B3 D3 @8 _9 t- j' uilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ |8 T9 H3 ~: t. Unosis can be established by just a few tests and by# V4 l" i4 p. L0 A
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
, G" @, P7 l; ]9 V6 shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 @/ N7 E& O7 [8 J+ Q' d. v! c% z! Yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive# G0 B3 B3 T1 z! F
investigation. The primary care physician should be3 E5 r9 O- l. n4 w
aware of this fact, because most of these children. M% p# `# G: P9 ~& j
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ @+ N5 N" f, R& j' s
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a8 ]9 Y& t' L& _
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or& |7 [4 I7 u; v5 @$ V
female child who might come in contact with some-, `- K! A. ^# E5 @) f2 Y- ^9 `
one using any of these products.
" a7 A4 x( h* R+ b  ]1 vReferences. j6 t9 n, y0 ?7 @4 n
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 M6 Q6 p( i: b" X7 \% ~* L: E
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 ?# Z' W2 O1 I6 S- Q( w1 F
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& J$ l4 Y2 ^& k8 L8 m2002: 565-628., B2 K! A( b- e
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 e9 z* z; ~" m) Z1 |2 o! u5 `
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old) i# d0 K. x! A& O2 R, L5 w
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 w5 Z* L' W/ W2 K- Z& O  f: n$ U* kExposure to Testosterone
" J) M# b: V5 `1 RSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% O  O- {5 e1 d/ E
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ ]; A* o( n4 ]# C' X5 s
Clinical Pediatrics: I8 _# U1 P* Y7 B/ {6 {
Volume 46 Number 6
7 B7 u9 z8 M, [, D7 }! ~/ QJuly 2007 540-543
6 h% g6 H* h$ v% @* [© 2007 Sage Publications8 r/ l2 O2 s+ E
10.1177/0009922806296651
2 y, e/ A- B, d9 _) t( zhttp://clp.sagepub.com2 O8 C7 h' j' Q/ `
hosted at
* k: K" e$ ]) Y5 O  I7 Phttp://online.sagepub.com
- B8 q; r( W/ p% s6 V) c0 D* B5 ]Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" `! p' T# O6 [is a significant concern for physicians. Central$ _6 |1 u) C" {
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' X* t/ L# T0 {: |! B0 f
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 w  M1 y+ Z' J. La higher incidence of organic central nervous system* V6 a- K5 Q) Z7 P  O  T/ w9 l
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
  m3 r  g7 e8 ]. z# |6 o5 t2 R6 Fby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic! e5 M' Y* N, U3 t  N0 L
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ E' A+ H/ l& l# S! B! l
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& e% G$ f0 c& S9 u% H8 |/ u/ ~report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& [5 o" F; X  b% w& v. Q
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. n' N+ d3 ]: h+ |* R7 i
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" l2 s/ r, F$ V2 V3 ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* F# `" y4 Q" X8 @  F5 x
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ B1 K$ r# z  T: p, kmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 L2 N5 U; M2 _+ zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of- Y1 ?3 n! D! r8 o, S7 o2 `9 X) \
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: G7 `8 j5 c- V  t5 u* z
bly more common than the rare case report in the
" M# K6 R4 f4 mliterature.4- Q. Q# Z" Z$ E  v, F3 _' I) G
Patient Report
! X$ D1 \- h" |+ L3 Q' \3 M5 TA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
8 w' }+ V, [' T# g* hendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
  H3 W! q0 q) a+ s9 w# iof early sexual development. His mother noticed1 Z: D) {1 V% {% ^6 ?
light colored pubic hair development when he was7 K  ~9 l" }% U
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 X& B5 R% c9 p& W, j
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% _( I. N* g! @, e$ H7 g) ^
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
7 H, h& s% X, d0 Z2 x7 R9 lProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 U. t) I! U. I+ {" o4 ]1 Q) }7 AMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- V4 ^; a# I$ L3 be-mail: [email protected].1 G  r0 U% q! K6 i7 N/ r0 u
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
; }5 G6 W: j. N6 }darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% c9 ~6 O. V4 A' {4 p
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' ]% x8 c' @' H& C5 r7 i3 u- }8 H! f
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' B4 N5 {' c1 x& p- i& M2 Q3 u
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 o) k* U8 [  {9 Z6 c( Z6 u* }
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
8 H" j: Q9 s7 r+ Mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& w; o# g3 q* bsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* s8 b: o2 m; C5 f
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development/ J0 E5 f) M7 a- ?9 [, |" ]; b- U
was age appropriate.
# I" x9 O3 l/ j# B/ h# X$ dThe family history was remarkable for the father,& v% e" q9 l" K& L' ~4 e
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,6 E- w% H0 ?( L% d$ w
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 }- P, E$ X' o7 x
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 W1 U% w0 H. _: {; h- @
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: k& W1 Q& n" N. S
The father denied taking any other medication. The  N' |% {' B- x" @, D
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, w& b% W! u! D6 g2 p, Y: ^
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet# r4 D: I- l6 M& U6 [0 R6 r
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
8 C; y+ i& Y2 `- @7 ]& vcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-% U" G: `2 ~8 c; V! A0 k( G
tives. There were no siblings.) J6 f6 N& ]8 I: R
Physical Examination
+ I$ R5 t; q3 r) ]/ F. G* i7 MThe physical examination revealed a very active,! x+ [4 U1 e, d! @
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 s, B4 P. P$ [- l+ `
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was5 v; U5 }6 G0 c$ ~# K
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
9 R3 b3 V6 P& y# c(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 ]( N4 C' G* O( P  ~9 ?velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
+ @! l* j" V% h( Z+ zthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 p& _/ k3 r5 Q* r* I8 p2 V( N5 FThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for# }8 K6 O( x: y% Y& M  C# N
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% S4 a! m& ^" H! g# t4 q+ ^7 d
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  [- u  M2 \' q2 ?6 Y# Z; y  h
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
6 m5 I& W8 j! P! P( l540
$ ]/ U9 J# F# d( O3 K1 Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& T) |4 e- x4 s6 }0 G/ Dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The) m3 Q3 g5 h: M" E* L" s/ X: K; J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) G2 u- c2 t& e0 m. |1 S5 kThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 i9 F" P7 }+ ^$ `2 P& @
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no9 ^. |8 a1 L* q, S/ L0 l9 v' f) E. O
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.: u4 b4 }+ c$ W5 h
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 b! X/ p3 D' u
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 Y7 Q+ _# d4 ~0 ]! {: e3 p
of papilledema.; g/ S" N: _7 _5 ^! g, f
Laboratory Evaluation# W5 @. b; W- @1 Y+ J; v2 \7 t% a
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by  T7 x/ @* m, K, _6 S0 C' m
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! k- _- Q4 g; v
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ O+ {- u5 q& A, m# \" |( Xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test5 s) g# n& I5 m( O, K
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
% J9 j% N, k. S8 T4 q9 D- dlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 Q  ^, ]6 w+ Y; r
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood9 l: m5 Z+ T2 `8 y: x! @" ~5 d$ X
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 R) |" a( `- T. I
within normal range for his age. The concentration) z. A2 u$ A5 U6 L# ^
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 P) M! D( _* B! v2 u. V% w
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ B3 ]- X- S% }' m; ?# @ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-% T# @% ~' z. `( m" H5 i( v
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. J- `. M! b9 k9 P& zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to) b% c: M0 d) a# F, m; q
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; q3 z# {0 l. y9 Twas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( f3 d, g8 _1 Y! D- _tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 F( m, e6 O) r' T, F; D5 i+ ^1 u% ~
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),- R' T8 {2 Y' `( U" J* A# G" [$ V
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
( J6 w1 i, U$ c; `) t0 m( \5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular( n& ^/ {/ V, z% W
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* r, T* T( m- _concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL) G9 z. Y% A6 A( U% |7 G( H- e  F1 s
(prepubertal).
- Q3 Q5 [' v! ]( O; \The parents were notified about the laboratory
1 U4 E" c. I, y8 X2 kresults and were informed that all of the tests were+ M( R! w7 W; s" c0 `/ s3 Q
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
4 f/ ?" u; Q: U* ~8 Nfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 n  [( M6 h/ d, w6 q2 s
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
8 C# R/ J5 s  m( {& d/ |" oever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% H; p$ Q4 H6 I9 c& a" QPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
5 T  E0 {. F6 {' G8 }$ a$ ~child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
7 ^% e+ S5 F1 _2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( {: S! F5 i1 H8 Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
% J) J) T+ v9 T4 I" T& w9 _pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 G# z0 b2 R" a4 w6 q
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! j1 m# \7 p) J5 o( imL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.  Z- O2 [! i6 n, P9 d9 X7 V
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ \" _  n5 ~7 U. t& ]
ing frequent erections.
& ?: U" g( n5 P- PBoth parents were again questioned about use of4 z0 E3 j1 _! r
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ d3 S6 g; q8 |% V+ }" p- _9 t+ }; K
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ x2 c, r$ Q& t# r4 X8 E$ H
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
: P( @* @5 c. p  S. b7 duse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- |. Z: Q9 D+ F2 @
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for) n8 b& R. l' G; t1 s, b
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ a( ?* J, H1 C: Pto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" w/ G$ }8 s. ^scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 A6 r  u4 [% l" i9 fsecondary to depression.
+ Z4 g: J7 H2 R* M! G, V; W4 `The child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 Y! {" Z; \+ j' MThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his- ~0 A$ _, E! Y" f
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ Q0 \8 a) X( h
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) |; K/ y  {) ]( z9 a; {: p
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
5 ^8 }3 g" P" Y' i4 p! l1 ~% X* Owhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ T  b! k6 v. X; @% g8 [: pwas high, he then read the product information$ P) K: ?4 r1 r
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-) ]: ?6 }- {) l9 j3 x% _3 N
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
" j. r; b5 z: y6 }. R- u- z$ d% Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
: x$ a3 O' l; A5 `8 }* h7 z! u# Rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
9 n3 `+ x4 @( b3 {+ Abeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone5 J0 ?6 p7 [, `* E) e$ P/ e
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; M3 S& P; @, {  t* H  |
laboratory to obtain the test.
  z7 Y* u5 X" n8 C( `- yDiscussion
: F; g# \* O* [  N: KPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. R; C8 ]! W! t% u  I5 {sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 ^- E( n2 @1 p) C/ aPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; C: [( \. Z& X8 b. P0 M
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
  l6 B( \: w# {- v1 |( N9 F$ d5 Tthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 I; I0 d# g; S+ _6 i# O. [' rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 A0 r) N4 N: k% E1 cmay have a central nervous system lesion that is  ]( O8 W; s  _" Q8 q9 X/ ^" t
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, i; W5 r7 U/ }& n+ D! H
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) P( s4 e! N& j* ^$ esis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, w1 M4 `' }- P. Wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 |, G- e7 f, a6 o* e' F, \; C& [' p
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. C: r* K6 {! ~5 Yrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
  k* R2 E- L7 H% Ygonadotropins.1,39 z1 n6 {" g  Q2 r. B$ i& Z1 P
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' {% x3 _6 X. m. M" t1 M: Z$ `cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate8 o2 p! \7 @/ n  J5 U# o4 z9 l
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 J; |. j& P* O0 Z. C, h1 L
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ D. R& _2 y( |ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 ]6 j0 H+ m% j2 bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, Z3 I0 q# c) _( `  |
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: T4 o- ~( R/ w# K0 Lpuberty in boys.3,48 E% s3 N5 ^' D
The most common form of congenital adrenal8 q6 S% S, e" a  ~7 c
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.' C! d) T* w: Q$ X' J, ~6 x
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ e4 ]6 b  R9 ^1 ^* n3 J9 O
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; c% H. @1 @. ~) ]
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
) D7 c& |9 w: V5 W2 o3 S# aexcess.1,3
; k+ M) Q1 d6 m3 c) ?( Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! g  W4 h0 q- g$ x( h542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( S+ T7 p$ b8 s9 e5 O
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; B( j/ N/ d5 T8 L
independent precocious puberty, which is also known9 a5 w' K4 P& [+ ?1 G
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 b0 R* b0 ?% B+ o! O/ ^6 avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
: J  J! W0 y* Z0 U8 r4 }9 rwith this disorder are full pubertal development,# B3 z2 J- O+ _
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
) U* v7 D7 E3 v( T  swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder5 q: s" Y& b3 S( B7 [# b
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- b$ y! o+ x' C5 b( a
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 k$ m; @! A3 s# i. O0 `releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked  P7 m7 |( G: w1 G. w4 r4 e
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only4 f! U' C/ k7 h: g% y$ I6 P2 B$ c
males; therefore, other male members of the family
$ ?3 U9 G  ?6 r5 K5 _may have similar precocious puberty.3* I& b& G$ P: R! R9 o9 n2 x. O
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 J; q: f5 q/ O! Nsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
1 S6 m$ }7 o% ~8 y6 a. o" j) }7 _cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 T& J: V3 G  {3 s+ Mwas in the differential diagnosis because his father9 S, A1 n3 W8 r  ?- l; Z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ X$ W, {3 Y$ d4 ctesticular enlargement is not that evident in the& ^3 j6 f( X1 c' r1 M& }
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
9 b1 _: D0 v. k" vative initial history of androgen exposure, our
. {* `0 o. O0 ~, o& M" t+ [6 Ubiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
2 P! W  B, m5 V  `0 feither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
- n' P9 M4 z2 [( l% K% adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ l8 e) K- ^- [2 n( z5 K, M6 O
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 F  [8 x0 x# w4 Y" Y7 p: m6 `The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
3 L5 l+ P9 f2 S$ ?& c9 @suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
5 n- H4 G: K  h3 Nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-# k% R2 @, q5 s# O
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
! ~) e; B# l6 y" W, j  M$ odecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
4 Q* {4 K3 |$ k) ^+ o7 qterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ M) J6 i- H$ v! n! p6 w( {
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’; A: J  \, V" P
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or3 a) Q* b% T# c6 }( _: {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to4 x* _( m9 _# J8 W# v% i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
/ p1 u  n2 E5 v3 C8 b; L& I8 pSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the: c& [) ]$ r* c6 _( A
baseline value in those females who were exposed to# W( F. K* d- b% Q
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
" k9 }% k5 C+ `1 x/ rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ a( ]9 M% W: e2 q5 }/ Etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 d8 l' g. ~4 O# ?% YOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
$ j" T3 b0 b9 P; i! t! Hwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 A- B& @5 G$ S1 Cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" T4 q0 y, N& W2 S5 ]* v9 N0 x! G1 }% }
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( t4 q3 \8 G+ p% [/ `' G3 yactive in young children exposed to testosterone$ {9 u- S$ k( a: w# N
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
3 e* I  k+ B  t* `- y0 {7 pdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* {' V' H; ^2 y% i! l6 ?$ _
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ C5 O. A8 r! achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
  O; m! I, l3 ]: e, Badvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' Y  Z8 ^) \" o+ {3 c- Q
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 f7 m# o* `2 F- cearly childhood on pubertal development and final9 w% d  N+ Z! r" C5 n1 ^7 \6 b
adult height are not fully known and always remain, W+ ?+ S4 u* v: P
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. w( B7 f' r4 `  L% u( M' x9 `! K7 V6 A7 T
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
9 w! B4 C5 T' T8 bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
/ l1 r5 ~, `* s: Ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
. \0 f( _3 s1 u" \2 q& J$ ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,90 B6 z% E- Y/ C$ e0 f, d
There are conflicting reports and controversy
/ Y; v4 h- J  h$ v1 Bover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ J, N) y9 w1 F: I$ Ipenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 R+ Z4 D5 U- F& ?9 z! zadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) r+ W7 p1 d2 V9 d. n
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 O5 o" i& z9 |: m& Q, L; Q; _: ~
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 u) y, D  P0 s: s/ }# P9 m) tchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult7 W6 `& a; v- q; ]. Z  I
penile length in clinical studies.( J# F1 I9 [8 G6 }7 l- @  k4 e
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 L5 ?( c2 R( G& ^3 `, _3 |
going to experience any of the untoward effects from6 f' y( _; B6 p# u, J
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- u& C( y* p2 b1 p$ A6 j7 y3 Ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ E/ y0 Q; N6 O9 DAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of4 k6 ^/ x5 m: H7 r- y2 m
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at9 s- e+ k9 m( H& i- T+ C
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( _3 ~0 L. Z8 l
height will not be affected.8 N& X) k  h- e7 H
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-  X- F: r# A' ^& m& w# e
ability of androgen products in our society may
7 p3 {! `$ k' l% vindeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 x& [- @1 A/ G7 F$ A2 s. p2 Cchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 q  i8 _" q. s8 R) W! _. ogen products must be considered and specific ques-/ Y" Q# l3 ~; V
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or. Y) ^9 F, I- y* N2 d+ x+ G# [) I
gel should be asked of the family members during: ?! s& _" q; K8 [
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
/ E$ s2 x0 j$ G4 t0 N, h& Tilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-4 d- E; ]: z5 i2 E' O% \0 v+ ~
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ u3 L" c% I2 _3 z6 N. o. h
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  e2 G& Z5 ^0 k& z) Y( @4 U- _! J: p
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may7 _6 N; W2 H) {  s
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) Y, o+ _) q  P6 @) P* Winvestigation. The primary care physician should be
/ N3 k5 T' k1 E2 T" Eaware of this fact, because most of these children% v: P1 B1 X3 k5 v7 d2 N/ ?
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 v& v, P, w9 @5 o0 A/ [5 R8 ^9 h
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
! o  n9 Y6 n6 r* s3 swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 y0 ?$ ?: t0 ^female child who might come in contact with some-' T) N$ b+ b1 i3 k5 p8 G. _( ?
one using any of these products.2 O- n# V, m3 F; X
References
' t2 Y0 v* H/ P) c6 Y. l8 h1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; G# }: Z' x9 g% B. Qand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. h& F) I' b5 Z8 SEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
  x3 u$ `# Z8 s2002: 565-628.
; W- m* ?! _) _) C; T2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( F' a! O9 d* k# Z9 p% Fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

) A7 g% W4 m7 p. q0 b精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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