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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( ~4 g! Q' p- e  zBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
5 y- p* i6 k* UExposure to Testosterone
3 m3 i% w5 c& h- Q9 o( B1 p$ RSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2# {/ ^7 N, o2 n- N( [3 E  N
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 X- f8 A/ D) f$ Y; r' Z6 Y7 D
Clinical Pediatrics* }. o! b. a& t8 \# i2 g) v$ U
Volume 46 Number 6- t- [% K- Y* W+ J5 T! b
July 2007 540-543
* i+ }) F; {* d$ ^5 @© 2007 Sage Publications4 S/ i4 P! K/ m% v0 ]2 G
10.1177/00099228062966511 G/ a3 v# H5 t; j5 ~6 g5 a
http://clp.sagepub.com
3 {3 V8 H6 l$ Q- b0 {hosted at( E: z9 B3 B9 A# w, R3 H! Y2 ~
http://online.sagepub.com% D/ p& {5 l' G
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* D+ {7 h( I7 i! U, ^- ~9 Ais a significant concern for physicians. Central; ]* C$ S/ x: L2 c4 M) [
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- X7 x6 s1 z2 @) v) |& a
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has' a1 K! q6 y  F$ J7 C( T- W  {( B7 Q7 U
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. O6 s/ w' e0 ^; w! @lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* n& R" z6 Q, H7 i6 e" }1 Y0 J+ O
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 ]; i- o; R; q& Q* L  m. _
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 A) H% p* c$ m% Qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% v# ]  M0 W( y5 Ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& W8 S0 M3 r8 }. O% v: p/ w( i+ b
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! B9 x* A8 x% V2 k# `. ]+ ^
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: i7 y  Z) k7 ^0 M( _to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ {% `1 S6 r! q; y" {2 Ithe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
$ ?( I; m! z' _5 C  b# z) Qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this1 j3 F1 [9 ~" Z, x- \9 i
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of. q: ^6 Q- R1 A
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
6 ^5 z* T6 Y9 {6 {bly more common than the rare case report in the
& L0 }! `1 ]0 Kliterature.4
0 t# l& Z* u* w  x6 L3 X# ^Patient Report' ?  o: }/ F5 ^: g
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the- u- P! ?- [+ {* U
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 e+ _: T1 |; E' Q7 t( Sof early sexual development. His mother noticed* c$ _+ D- m7 ~7 o8 E- |% G
light colored pubic hair development when he was
! g: l. p( z' L' t$ Z0 z* V& oFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ B+ m: i& j6 E7 }8 i% rSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  g6 P5 ]' O1 |Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 n& h/ x4 u+ h% I% P4 [0 R; L
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of- S! C4 |& v) U3 Z/ B
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 W' |/ |% ~7 M  n
e-mail: [email protected].& t! k8 b7 G3 B  M! a# j# e% R, U  |
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became* S' I5 w4 @9 y) h
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-7 \; \, i/ Q, n' x  Y) X
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ R+ }# C8 J% N/ I9 P' s8 h$ o
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 U& X* ?7 K* L0 u/ [# [  A/ T  H
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 k" D" e1 m5 _4 y5 O6 |
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year+ @7 G0 C+ W. E: y% A9 J
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ A* n! ?/ v; }9 E
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 o- T7 e7 ^/ o* Oand his psychosocial and psychomotor development, Q+ d# A: z: i: ?# h$ @# t$ L" \
was age appropriate.9 ~2 c' e/ w- Q$ ]
The family history was remarkable for the father,
1 c. N# l6 T" o5 F& ^& }who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, B/ `, L8 ]& Q$ p0 |0 rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* G' s" d! V0 U3 k. d( ?
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 b/ C6 E/ V, O* i7 n, n7 y( pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& v0 V+ ~( j# O6 [. m3 ^7 I& n' N
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 @) W: r' C2 h- C+ A$ Q# M7 ^
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ w& I; b$ u  v; @! c
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet  p4 e( q  a9 X& N, d
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& I: _& g2 @( D% c( a, W5 [
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-5 X! E% z- ?% l* V" f8 _/ U" c
tives. There were no siblings.
8 @- H7 |( `! b7 ]: G/ M) ?Physical Examination
0 H5 V1 v; u2 i! P' NThe physical examination revealed a very active,
, `6 G( s( i3 G# _# eplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 O4 s' r/ H* L+ `8 B
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# l# M, M5 G/ }90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) x  p0 P! _) r
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
) M$ p- E$ n; t' gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 R7 ^( p+ c# Y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.& D% T  j" c$ q$ K, G: d9 K
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# e) @# `0 R/ o$ T! J3 renlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
6 b. l; l$ Q1 @+ s+ F8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
6 s3 _8 W8 }5 W% D- ^developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, W0 A+ G! P# v( q2 w540
2 l! G4 G2 Q6 ]* Z+ k5 tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 ^, e& @; b, B" nthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The1 v7 q; {( G( w& p& D% d
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! N" ?) i% i* j  |The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- j: v, V# b6 ^. k
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no  N9 C2 B! z- {  Y$ S
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 j1 I. K, r' s* H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+  a4 c& s$ `) A# Y* M! R
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 Y+ Z" R: y' j" J" _" L, O' v, q
of papilledema.
' T$ P+ @7 E9 K  b4 ZLaboratory Evaluation
  t/ E" P0 u6 H$ T5 PThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 |. T% S4 ]5 @4 y0 p; A* N
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-  L" |" A4 O! _5 ]8 o  Z6 ~9 j, `+ y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 Y3 Z5 N' A$ W2 k, tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  I% d! V. Z' \9 j& t
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 C6 `. Q$ a7 o1 Ulating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* }" J5 {3 t: \$ l9 T4 K
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ l/ c9 ?, r  f- Y$ W
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
- M2 J* t1 @0 o: ^* `within normal range for his age. The concentration
+ w, p( C" @1 s7 jof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
' D! O( ~  N4 [6 `1 G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! S2 h$ v% Q6 ^* m0 Tng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
) U1 t/ B/ r+ L! F  n8 Cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 C2 ^1 R) ?- L& O' ^* t0 ?desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 K! t% }7 t+ k3 L2 x) ?49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" d4 v/ `5 z$ I: v; X
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ k1 C4 M+ O9 t+ G$ }0 mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total3 h6 L1 f: H+ r: T" z0 l, k. ]
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 {  ]& Y0 S* s+ }
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: r" O# a& K, \
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ }# U. A' R( a0 A' @
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
  k  K! f- L  D& I* Z" K  ^concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL9 \) r0 j$ p4 B* T7 h
(prepubertal).
% |+ h) Y3 _* D! RThe parents were notified about the laboratory: b& l+ M$ y) a) E" e
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ O" K! V" z( r" Snormal except the testosterone level was high. The( W+ C' h; c5 ?# f7 q8 i! S. g
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 G2 {, W3 e$ T2 n2 o& S. `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# w9 u' q: Z8 \9 m2 sever, the family did not return for 4 months.
- \/ z3 o+ q0 N0 x% m& VPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
% j2 |0 W! m9 \, ~2 @5 Pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained& j  j% ]0 ~% Z" K$ ?: h
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 s  W/ _5 z' e; u0 c
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% Y" \) P/ d4 V: U( N$ c
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at  J2 N; o6 Y! Q: ?* f( x9 K0 i% {: O
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ P4 C& g) D3 g9 Y. q& L, x
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
; X* y: d% C4 ?6 J/ i+ S+ I/ r; ]The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 d6 {4 g- \4 }* h8 S. G* E8 D: W$ q
ing frequent erections.
" P+ f6 L4 _5 K5 P4 R/ ~Both parents were again questioned about use of
) ~, U7 f9 q) @3 f! ?; wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
* z3 d# y, m/ z' o& f4 U' _4 xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) W6 ?& X+ R) @1 T! A9 P
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 d, h4 J& u" z* puse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ O9 E4 H; i* j, v3 @+ F# Wing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 Y/ n4 s; J$ w9 A
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
# A  D0 u9 B4 y0 Vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-2 F- O' R3 u5 g: N- z7 W" e
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 D1 R, x2 J! x/ T2 psecondary to depression.
: k5 n) z9 p5 `8 FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ |, h8 g) x9 x: @% A) f& MThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
' |7 _) y; k: _7 F8 Mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 o- x! h" u$ Ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
0 t5 a$ M- q  P+ G! _( Q9 p; o) ?The father also admitted that after the phone call,
7 d7 F& c; i- g" v, [: Swhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
9 M- w& L3 e" Y) x& xwas high, he then read the product information
4 u5 P/ f: d" \& s  O" Y% }packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-6 }7 ]( _/ |& _7 h/ w& [
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
6 M+ G3 \0 u/ u& [decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
& X) `/ [4 C' r4 @father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 Y/ f( r1 I, m7 I1 V0 Wbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone, q" Q, F( v$ ~2 r0 z5 p0 }
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
7 z7 G% Y3 q. U6 I2 A8 [laboratory to obtain the test./ s" e7 c1 m/ u9 }
Discussion
- m/ R: C9 n3 b2 Z& n2 y" RPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary6 Z2 t* ~% u" H) e: S: X
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4) e" R' F7 n# z3 Z5 @0 z
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
. ]) ^! C- w/ U2 ]4 h# I+ @it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& l; L. U  l4 Cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ U6 q$ @, W* f1 |% k* a. X
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; o- k8 ]3 n" s) S% {
may have a central nervous system lesion that is0 X# n% Z# p4 o! p7 Y' E
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% ?- O, {( f5 W5 n7 Z" h0 N
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
5 l0 @, Y9 M& ~* k( J' ^2 qsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ E+ |3 H% G5 a' G1 M* ]  Gboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' J$ q4 ?- |4 J! o( F  uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# b- ~: f( f0 ^rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: w. p3 V1 Q# Y7 _
gonadotropins.1,36 z: Y; I# O8 }9 f/ W
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-( ]; k3 a' w) w# R
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 s8 B# y; D1 Z- ~androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or! ~8 h: [8 J0 U; r) @
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
- l. L2 ?( S6 I8 C1 w4 qulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& I4 Y3 |) d2 F+ ~9 t6 G: A
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# W1 R: y' I# ]. badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
1 f' Y+ ~9 n0 Y! }; g5 n) r* Npuberty in boys.3,4% ^% V% S; M; j0 ~* ^- S- ?6 ~8 d
The most common form of congenital adrenal! t& h1 `' |2 {" @7 j7 e2 x
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 t0 X' T( k( \$ v# t
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
3 P! ^! {! c5 r" n8 N0 Pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
  h" U  R" ^5 d# Yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 c! X  P, G; k8 h; v' r; _8 t
excess.1,3; m  m* u7 p) X" i9 x
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 j6 l" [' [& u' a
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! A9 r: X3 z$ X$ m3 I! |+ [4 `A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
1 k- l2 D# M( [7 Jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 [7 A3 P* m+ R; X( Sas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ \! z+ b9 k$ |  Qvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
+ D6 o4 m( t( V  `* n3 H9 Z0 @0 ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 g6 A5 c' \0 m5 p0 Eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ P: J( I0 ~& e* |& t2 w
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* Y6 X/ q# A( U  I! M
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- q% \8 q  `) ~, u$ L' j; I4 _! {pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-5 \+ I" s" ]) o
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# K; X% }' R% R' k! ]2 gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 r+ k- t* @3 B3 Q  Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family# X' j- P6 y9 n+ e; A
may have similar precocious puberty.3
' |6 b/ W( l* ~) M- H3 |In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 M& b; i  k2 }9 Tsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-, G) [/ m% Y' u5 U
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
3 t( w& b) c2 Q3 n- N& S5 gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
' x5 e9 b# z9 T! istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' y. G+ _+ b  l, E+ |1 Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the- i" a6 y8 q3 y" I# U& V
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ I- H7 h9 }) s" g* v9 Bative initial history of androgen exposure, our
# A+ C8 c# W4 ]. H' b: Fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
: i8 s( P5 d& _7 s- m* T  D9 z3 |either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
  o6 M' y+ T) |- K; ^  wdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 F# ]. @% Z6 L8 v0 y% d
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 Z% P) ?9 p; u) O3 R+ R
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly5 v' r6 O) z1 w+ f3 M
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
/ m# ]! Y% a  B5 t# k4 tthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-! e9 j1 A9 M- |: H* ^6 b) {3 L
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 H0 I; a8 ^3 Y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 V3 X; _$ Y: s$ ~! g8 g- D
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' m2 t; n6 w9 D1 l# m
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 q9 q. u0 S8 |4 |4 n, ?( G
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" s/ G- K6 S1 |% B0 u. lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ j' I2 j0 @7 B4 I  z- Kunprotected females through direct skin exposure.: \/ U8 k* u9 u) `) X* n
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% w! w; X7 D; _5 m4 _! O7 P: u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) l; G8 v, O/ j6 b* ]- W  B
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% ]- f" V8 w. G/ V/ Z% b" k1 @partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( Z7 f, K4 P5 L) otion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
3 \5 G% w7 s/ U! r" g5 B/ {Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 V. z) o- ]# N3 Y: n% m7 lwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! ], `+ Z) ]- D, _
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* P: [# C+ k* M# }
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more/ W( q' X0 k! S5 h( o; I+ L. i
active in young children exposed to testosterone+ t- j- R8 \8 N& X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ U( ?" u: a- ?, q" X& _# n
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
& G& s, F2 X3 J. m7 k+ q$ g- T$ w) kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in6 A( d) M! |* T9 k
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 g5 T4 l7 k& j3 }( z' Q7 iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' P; |# ^' w' a- @' s  [9 ~The long-term effect of androgen exposure during/ M/ l9 g4 D& x8 k- C
early childhood on pubertal development and final5 H* |3 V* e  P; Z4 E+ b+ V
adult height are not fully known and always remain
2 P' c( Z9 F& v0 L( {# ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 \" f+ W7 _9 F+ X
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 Y+ C( D; u% d0 F2 W/ i$ B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after5 {" @+ N- q; W: K# j
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
" }+ j% p+ v( w3 a3 Bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, ^; X( y. L  DThere are conflicting reports and controversy
; V$ M' n* R1 S0 Dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
' x( ^$ m# T7 `2 Kpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- H" _" G( y0 ~9 i, o$ `0 q- o
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 _# `  A' W/ D* v# E! r( bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 S+ Y$ _. T& |2 o: z, Q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between$ L: }! f7 h# s7 U; \/ H$ T
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult" ^$ y  ?5 }3 {! b) V0 S
penile length in clinical studies.8 D9 z* D2 H. w( s6 n# G
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is: E; V' c/ V7 p, Z7 W) B- r9 ~* ~
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 i' U# P) q' f$ k, K- ~; Q1 L4 dtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because& T# ^7 R! z2 \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
8 L/ g, X6 I7 e& A) ?8 q& W6 UAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
+ X  F! @" V/ S  }0 G6 idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 d  D' K" S6 U1 Z0 C( kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' M8 {% Z% e9 n/ gheight will not be affected.) N; l8 v, {8 u7 y& R5 T: W
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
* y7 H* l4 B( F; b* M4 ~ability of androgen products in our society may
3 R0 f0 W0 Q- t0 X! r# cindeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 J# T  m  X& r" R5 ^children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
& Z2 J" B+ F. Dgen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 `% e9 v. g6 ^6 Mtioning about the use of a testosterone product or" S1 p) T8 r/ {* n6 e: Y
gel should be asked of the family members during
6 L' H/ _4 `: _" {8 B- c/ B) a- dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 ^% o4 U6 x5 y" P0 j) ^: I9 b+ s- Hilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ o2 B9 C0 E7 Rnosis can be established by just a few tests and by" v2 Y3 W- J  Y5 L/ I0 N; `& l
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- k1 D0 N! b4 B2 _1 dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 {! w+ h. k) x2 i) ~4 L/ Zresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( A5 L0 k. S2 {+ W" l" C4 ]( |
investigation. The primary care physician should be
3 d8 G+ J/ v5 u! xaware of this fact, because most of these children
' X9 b6 d: s( H' f8 V: Umay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# X+ g' z- v0 z6 ^( S) P9 X" ^7 I
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
8 g' H2 n/ Q, t: e, b* i  Fwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 R' S: M( H, P# B4 G% l' _1 C, Wfemale child who might come in contact with some-2 P6 n. X) K3 B3 B
one using any of these products.2 A% C$ y) V5 P6 F5 s) ]9 F
References
1 @) P2 }- H5 }: E" B1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation# l8 k! @8 k8 ]" K5 F% R  d
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
/ x( B3 S3 v. o) NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  `3 g3 U2 O! ?9 n( Z9 I1 e, N
2002: 565-628.
. v% e+ O* F0 B! u% U/ I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
" G, @! W7 o$ n/ H$ q9 M: fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
1 L# P) \% Y% CBoy Induced by Indirect Topical$ {' @& e. n5 J
Exposure to Testosterone
/ |% [9 Z6 q$ A4 Y' @2 n: LSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
( d2 Q* ]+ u1 e) R' S4 ~, band Kenneth R. Rettig, MD19 `& i/ K5 [5 N2 }! k# O; D; g
Clinical Pediatrics
1 I7 j- }* d' z7 oVolume 46 Number 6* v2 T2 d6 M( x: O" r
July 2007 540-543' S4 G# x& [5 }8 F; w
© 2007 Sage Publications
' i6 l* _9 ^% ^& X, H& N10.1177/0009922806296651
; j: U# |! \) Y" Ahttp://clp.sagepub.com) J: m/ K* n3 d. i4 r7 @
hosted at
  c/ I4 c  r( E3 \8 Y6 ~6 f. rhttp://online.sagepub.com
2 P9 A% u5 @; B8 x2 E  t8 RPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 Q/ V) z* [4 k! I2 D# m# J
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
6 m3 Q& r. k$ j' m/ aprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated: N, m; a" m3 X! Z8 n
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 _& Z& Z% V4 Z1 u  R5 `$ d% Qa higher incidence of organic central nervous system5 |# x* I% W) z+ r
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested% X6 V4 h% ~& h$ l. \
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
* v' b. M' y! Q% c0 x6 Ehair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-% L& n9 Y) l4 p
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  c: k& N/ k' k' \# L% o
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ i( a9 {5 [) J) `5 i9 Tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
% @' ?% @* K$ r- R: _6 @9 ^ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" G4 S; N' I' T% m) bto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by% y: M2 h/ t8 I7 m$ S2 |# R( t3 H
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-% U/ w8 w* w0 {/ d& M4 R9 G
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 Q: @) ~8 ^% y5 z+ j& xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 d0 _+ b0 }9 v  |* K! h
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ p( Q# i' U) g; u& J; tbly more common than the rare case report in the5 p$ }! W* \+ Y
literature.4
6 m$ V6 s3 ^8 \* oPatient Report
( [4 B9 V- \2 }9 Z& FA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# a- n3 b! L, y7 p' _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 Z1 }! Q2 y( f+ W9 s5 ~' b
of early sexual development. His mother noticed- E, d. u6 H( x9 z7 Y! l
light colored pubic hair development when he was
: S6 B; G  n8 m, Z/ U3 s3 t# \From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
8 i. R5 ^7 u9 m9 z2 Q" i. r  {& [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ R& E/ R, Y. e2 x$ ~
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 e) e, ~: E- Q* [6 MProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of1 s% }. f$ f9 Q, l% B% p! J" c& t
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;& E! [" Y0 D- q" o8 _$ K4 u8 P
e-mail: [email protected].
- {8 r, O! d( j. v7 W% \  |about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 l1 C: o# l7 M) @  s
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 w! {/ e/ ~8 o- G3 r$ a5 o8 Fment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! B* x% N% E  \8 T5 V8 [/ ?6 e2 m
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 r( K" q* e7 S: X
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 p- j5 _5 s2 b: }- \+ l4 C20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 k; b7 O& ^3 J. i: W1 _
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ C- N: c) l# @  e7 O3 [
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,. z9 S+ i. h4 M+ H5 r
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development; O" l& k& L3 d' W0 R. j* h: p- Y
was age appropriate.
% h) }! [* M- [- u. @! P& z6 o! rThe family history was remarkable for the father,
9 C- A- w2 w  i* k( m" ~# \) \who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
- R& P( h: A, m8 l7 j6 Twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& d6 g9 @/ K% _9 m
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  E' @. ]# B+ Y4 |5 O2 `
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- p; z% x" C* T! W4 y& V) G, \The father denied taking any other medication. The8 L1 I' a5 k/ U7 j
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 ^7 V1 y; ]% W) F; W7 z" v& Mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet7 H  C+ W+ W8 q  \+ `2 z3 B
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. s; n2 n4 }$ C! \1 }( X, s) Gcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, Z% v1 \( a8 Y) U
tives. There were no siblings.& X+ S6 T1 \6 d3 C9 J, D2 g
Physical Examination
. Z, w" ~- n! q- vThe physical examination revealed a very active,0 ~1 `* N& U! E6 c
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 Q8 p# H, c! S% ba blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
9 t8 ?0 B* M3 R: L+ p% ?! w90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
, t+ P( F2 [2 t' b( U) }) Q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
/ o9 N8 b0 k2 Yvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- P% H5 R! B: K5 Uthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." D( k! L8 {# O/ A: Q2 A& k
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# D, j) i$ \$ i, X6 T; n: u
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ f% o, R7 h! k/ A% `8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& c9 B/ M- t  F5 g5 pdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around6 `7 d0 }  I% \; v& P& H; D
540- f; u9 n0 B$ O% F% t8 [- H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: ^0 ]2 Z  L; `
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 S! E  ?# S5 S5 Qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- b0 h# r  }5 j7 D. C: W
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
2 R7 S# Z1 W) U7 ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no0 r4 P0 {% a7 N% K) ^
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
# f8 [$ l5 j) aNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+- l/ m/ y- y+ j7 C! o
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 q* L5 J) J0 Z. ~
of papilledema.+ _. _8 Y. @& {; P: T
Laboratory Evaluation# g( \: Z  e8 f3 k) H
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
7 h8 D% |6 c( U: a2 R1 @using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* Y9 m/ [3 H+ M/ G# j( m% M8 slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: v8 y) t" [- ]7 K4 Q  ?6 g6 A
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* l6 Y1 W: }3 x# o
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# b* V- |5 Y( R9 H/ e. H1 d1 D0 Flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., h% d7 Y6 L5 x: [+ a
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 ~( ^2 m. r5 J5 I- x+ iurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' G. v- M. d0 X2 S9 C" X6 C3 \3 K- Qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
* C+ p9 s3 S* M# z1 |. z7 U! Hof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ U  W  W  w$ e(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
; r- S8 C! S1 r. {ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( ^) q8 J. ?5 v5 o3 T
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 {& l* z1 I& |/ b# D" vdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- N6 y8 e! J0 N
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* m9 G; A* V& u* B5 Owas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 l  R' A3 [) E; r! l* p
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" w+ R% i$ i* x6 z# q
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ i# U$ [, ~5 ]. n  C2 y9 eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& _1 Q1 d: j' U- V
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
! o/ ?  S! a) S/ r* @stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 G* M2 {) I4 q. U2 g: v1 Fconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 o, U" V3 S" Q
(prepubertal).
+ o. o/ U+ a* ?The parents were notified about the laboratory
9 v  l, u0 o8 }5 |; U( Bresults and were informed that all of the tests were# J% q0 V7 w7 e) b$ v) w
normal except the testosterone level was high. The7 `+ Q0 Q9 ~% R
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 T- ?5 j' b( V; {+ C3 p. v
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# ^6 m4 U/ b# Y! ~ever, the family did not return for 4 months.2 N- i& u& K" y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the8 y3 p- w3 R; b6 N4 h
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
8 M. e/ c. z, c- m2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* k  ~( i: P/ V% b( o: a" Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 S6 s! w" F  t) Y, s
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, D4 ^& b, a" C$ ^9 _) Zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2; G  q4 L7 b' J% h3 \4 Z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. F8 v, H$ V( y8 b
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 V2 V3 U. m- ~' m
ing frequent erections.( R5 W) C/ O4 l8 ^9 |' m6 q9 H
Both parents were again questioned about use of" J, E) H  I; x' t6 n2 i* s
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
+ C7 q1 m4 d1 F& z6 n+ B' V5 hthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ n" k7 K6 q) ~6 s$ q# g' M8 nTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541" S0 u! n7 l' m) w, u! {* e' ]% c
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, _/ ~9 T% |% d2 {+ l
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 i+ Q) b4 p+ c. Q6 h
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 r. ~( t  c: ~to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-9 C! }% Y7 Q+ s3 Y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 a& }! R0 j4 H9 Z! @3 b" s2 y. r& A
secondary to depression.
( k% d4 ?. h+ T9 [9 g8 ZThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 c$ y6 p) S7 t2 |$ l' ^. d
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his: o6 Y; \( F$ X4 ~2 b. `
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# I7 @- U4 I3 `$ ~1 q( M! P) Onificant bare skin contact between baby and father.7 ?( q) A: ?6 i
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
" g  a% K- e6 o$ n+ ]" zwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% R  \  f- K/ [0 M, uwas high, he then read the product information5 Y4 S: A" D( ~7 O
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 D" _; A5 Y( }% m* Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
  J0 I3 X" [2 }/ v0 Ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
  _% F( _# c9 Ofather was not hugging him with bare skin and had# X0 F: N$ q: y7 X! Q; s9 r
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
  Z6 p$ x5 f% ]4 G" ztest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; I8 [* J9 u5 G! \0 `/ Rlaboratory to obtain the test.' K% m$ M( h1 |' U1 j
Discussion; j+ y: o  X: J& u
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" a, U+ X( u% q0 ^3 T( X2 h
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4- P* Y) r' Z8 x& c0 `, p" E
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when1 i8 z* ?3 R3 a$ j& ?
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-. I3 I! @9 S# H. p  c& g
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
$ F( _; l6 v, L; B8 @# d5 d: A! S: fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  q7 i: _1 U0 K/ N- m" l! R
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* ?2 k# E: T& w( qresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
9 x% z) P( y  r- c$ l' m3 Iamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
1 z  b  {) G  [# H- Usis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* S9 ^: u! B/ P0 p* `boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
) b# o0 b7 C& _( F3 l% Uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 Y/ y$ K- @+ S& W& [  [* T) ^; z9 Drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by/ Q" |0 w* B: T! N: m5 c
gonadotropins.1,3
; [4 Y' J0 {$ _8 d# P; u- T4 L3 @  \( m7 ]Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: U$ d- m) A8 ~0 J; o( r* G
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 W, }2 X3 r% s4 B! `1 T$ q
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 U, o* f# h; H, q" P
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 N- N1 K" u0 R% d5 \ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 b. P* h, K) E0 G' F* p& m" ?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& \2 G/ ?7 ]- \/ H( k% _adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" a* S) i/ `) T: v* }1 q9 lpuberty in boys.3,4. K# D) I- N0 g/ P7 f" T
The most common form of congenital adrenal
9 \# f9 J& g; ~  H* Q  R! uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
: \9 X: {6 H6 X( eThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in4 m; @3 L& L. y: ]
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% [& G. F  `$ j1 |
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 ?% w) V4 j; Lexcess.1,38 C; p* O8 c  U
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" B- p. `$ @  I' z+ @6 u542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. P3 j. G5 T* v0 U9 D8 @: g  T  DA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
$ S6 C: Q. N; m8 [1 M& Vindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
) O- I4 u0 N( x- Vas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* M6 [9 u. k  o  U: svery young age. The physical findings in these boys
8 L( E; i) S6 i% V1 Hwith this disorder are full pubertal development,! Z" h+ Y2 r9 K8 `5 [; \
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- l3 J! l; B) |5 @* zwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
/ t$ c6 \5 A+ Sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
! L( x/ w/ t7 Hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-! d& Q4 P, ^4 W
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked0 e7 v* q" P; Q1 u# r
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
. _6 d0 h0 O' O1 ^* Y% O4 Mmales; therefore, other male members of the family
+ c, T6 S6 R: Hmay have similar precocious puberty.3$ P* |& A7 p* K7 p4 N
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
+ q* ]% _; J! J/ _* f7 K+ g& fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
/ |. N- V( Y2 _, V8 R8 f  z3 }cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 s& z5 u4 W1 k5 |1 y% G; w
was in the differential diagnosis because his father9 o$ ?& H5 L* c. r9 q
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' G  T3 P1 `$ P2 \# Wtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
; \3 k3 @8 T8 {! lbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! \, Q, Z" _$ @: Q8 \ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( }5 |" U" v% gbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 |2 l- m: `; [) _1 m7 }: J: k/ b& D
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase! `" K5 G. P& I' z/ u
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# u3 }) w) m' X6 @' t  e( uing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 O/ s# e4 [' [5 b' F6 c+ O* MThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly# l/ x- b( ~5 E0 }) C
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because1 K) @# H7 y. C7 G' M
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-5 [& a% m! W) I9 M5 ]- h
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
& ^! D+ ~: {) m; e9 g8 ~decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
0 I6 [2 J2 t& V, U- ?terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 w1 `$ J' k0 ?using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, U+ o% n. \; k- S7 p
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or6 v' p5 d, V" b' S
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 B( N; h9 I3 ~" Y  b+ u4 K
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 n, p% z0 _; E  r4 U  c3 eSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the  s5 p( k% {% m
baseline value in those females who were exposed to8 ]1 \, X  {; G
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) @% }# Y( R! m2 [% U' g* D  ^
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-8 \2 K) t  [) y: B' w
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
$ }* C8 r9 H. @# T4 {% wOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
% P' V; C' }8 Y" A; U6 ^/ Twhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
0 r! [5 Q  X; mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-( z& V/ o& h* q' Z* A  R
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 `$ t6 a& V0 s2 x- H. aactive in young children exposed to testosterone* R, }' {% T  ?% }. z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-7 [& L5 s+ S# @
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to% u9 a7 Q% O3 s) d& j9 u
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( i  b% y: c* @8 R0 qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
  c$ [5 V' I2 R( hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.( X) X9 O: X7 j+ }4 F2 C
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 g! b+ C! T) D% V4 I2 H6 Fearly childhood on pubertal development and final3 i6 x" n5 ]% C1 V- p1 d
adult height are not fully known and always remain
1 j7 D5 ~3 ^- w9 w' H9 A2 ?( ua concern. Children treated with short-term testos-2 F% A2 p2 u- ~- [7 E+ D
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' R5 n& y7 N8 h3 q/ H$ j1 \
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
9 A/ b  [+ y$ Dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
) Q4 g, g( k3 J+ Ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9$ g1 v/ }8 }* J1 b: w  \$ r6 E' b, w
There are conflicting reports and controversy' F6 w, `: ~# J2 d% L
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
2 B3 {  @5 N' D- Upenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( D$ y& _6 m0 A
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 f/ w" j& l# j/ ?# e: ?! zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' C( F% \1 q- c* x2 bSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between* j: {8 j) D  K
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' @7 k$ \8 T$ x( I' {
penile length in clinical studies.! B3 @# T$ D" I- F6 T
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
( t, Y8 r1 h, X$ t! |: \going to experience any of the untoward effects from
5 z% c5 e2 I+ m+ F9 ctestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 B$ m7 j+ y6 y5 J; f. x" \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.- {% I0 `1 q3 v6 @9 L, S, Q
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of" v6 U% Q3 ~% Z* ^* e' [2 b
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 J# o3 w( l5 L8 R3 f+ o. t. I- }the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" K) b  k" r8 sheight will not be affected.+ ?5 I" ]  R2 |2 }. c3 D- f! o* i8 N
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-+ D- P: y+ G, B8 ?" N
ability of androgen products in our society may
  u: y% q7 H: ?2 pindeed cause more virilization in male or female
" F3 k0 t* M8 n5 F& i6 H" B( Dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
8 e# j) z4 Q9 A1 y' |gen products must be considered and specific ques-
6 [2 B8 }; z/ T5 N% Ctioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ c- H9 A2 F9 M
gel should be asked of the family members during/ L6 o* |  C1 m% F0 r, Q( w
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-0 s4 s1 U. B8 o: v$ S
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-; F' [) q! F. o. `* Y0 C% D
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 p* P, s+ W! [2 I$ \: dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a8 y, D( R  z" @4 K% X: _4 V  J
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# R- C; a" g7 _2 g4 a9 cresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 |2 @/ @/ X+ F6 Z& T6 finvestigation. The primary care physician should be5 A' C$ V' ]* ~/ ^3 Z' p
aware of this fact, because most of these children. B! R2 K' p6 ~1 j
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 A' b3 J6 M9 }" c5 z  EDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
; \9 G8 Q. `/ Dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& G6 M6 O+ B* r- o( W, Kfemale child who might come in contact with some-; g' J5 G3 T$ Z( }
one using any of these products.
: h1 `  J. c( r& T3 pReferences  b9 S. Z8 O! L$ B1 \2 a
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, q. E. h, T  s+ ?) \
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric7 ?, P" W& m0 _1 ~
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;2 J  a5 R) g+ ]; h& ~8 a
2002: 565-628.
1 Y: D/ @7 z* |7 M1 K* Z2 ~' h9 \+ }; N2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* \; a3 R  b4 cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

: T" H6 C, [9 z7 }: c$ w# D9 k+ q精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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