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is a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 B1 R6 R; h+ o1 h7 @precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
1 y% S' U( [# x1 z. h% ~" Y" }. b7 {through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
8 @6 }6 ^1 b' J% S8 Ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system
% \9 @' w! p4 |5 [9 R, Jlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
8 Y# E" P& @! L3 w9 j/ Uby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic6 N( r* b/ T3 a
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
% m1 H# Y" e/ H- [! C. S1 Kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: ^" e/ t) P6 freport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" n" H5 n5 [1 B: m% v  O7 Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. Z; b9 ~& n  H. P
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
, e. c0 z/ I$ L1 R: d' d8 Z! tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# B2 h3 A! j7 c# I5 w7 J7 i
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-% y0 J2 ~' S4 r2 ~
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this/ m0 g6 k3 n6 `% f, O& v
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of9 ^) e2 N) k7 E0 M- n
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
- h, f1 T, d% pbly more common than the rare case report in the
' Z2 a& o" N2 [: L& kliterature.46 S$ d; g* `' I' U  L
Patient Report4 H1 x& o  m; Q/ G6 C- Q8 w8 r6 q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 @/ G1 {1 o5 e3 ^* |endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern6 a' j. ?8 y) C9 \
of early sexual development. His mother noticed3 t0 V7 c6 K9 k
light colored pubic hair development when he was9 D* i" O7 Y5 z8 O4 }4 A# a) x% W
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. c+ F0 p7 {, \+ T6 C' Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.- ~, {; [" M! Y# f8 u
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," j) d1 p: J+ u% @: Z3 O# g! ?
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; W2 _6 ]# D0 n6 d$ c! P$ B
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;% b9 W" i* G" H9 M6 [; S
e-mail: [email protected].
) y( h+ t$ a' Labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
- B. U; ?$ `4 s6 J' j" d, W1 z* qdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-7 K0 _0 i/ e+ V! w9 ]3 R
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
/ e! M8 Z9 K/ ]7 V7 i% {; Awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 D$ N1 M2 R3 U" p" ^, M2 X
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. ]9 a# E9 a6 ]. _; H% j
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ Y4 x: V4 b; ~$ V) w( ~of life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ }( E3 m$ p! u  m+ f
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,/ v* h( D8 \% }6 @' o
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development" V: |0 f$ S6 a. s9 b3 ~
was age appropriate.) W' e9 w1 e. E+ v
The family history was remarkable for the father,: q; [5 v# j# p7 |
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
' K+ m- H7 f7 Bwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s4 w) x: ^4 o+ R. ?8 S; v
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat1 d( S( r+ @; C4 I4 {( D; v% X
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% d! h7 n! @# t5 Y
The father denied taking any other medication. The
7 n; R# Q" S6 e0 K2 [6 m3 ^  X" l, achild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" r3 `3 t+ W/ b- u) C: ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ i% e. `; B$ K7 _4 ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& |. _5 h9 L4 U- c
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
0 @5 P% z" D8 ?8 Z8 `  ^tives. There were no siblings.
( b. Z# R  c4 I4 V* uPhysical Examination
, o# L8 Z% ^8 RThe physical examination revealed a very active,
; E: a3 z7 @% a. m0 }  Yplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 R9 S  U/ z$ z' r- O' e
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was( O& S+ a+ m2 a! T  t
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% C5 l3 \- g6 E* f; F2 v
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' o) A, ^! Q2 f) Ovelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ H* C+ Y* q, q6 U9 [: F0 g# I) o
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
. b% R6 d& [2 e$ t. Q% _The genitourinary examination was remarkable for2 y: A- L- x. X6 Y. z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# F4 f4 _3 f* o2 \, p
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. ?1 z- X4 s% P& z% L9 odeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around- }3 \6 E) f0 f; i
540) q& B9 o* J6 @5 S  I0 F* ?( q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 A) t+ }  \; }& ?& X3 q( o0 m* E4 K
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 K. t6 ]2 K3 I, f/ |( e- Z
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ _. h( ~5 Y1 s! U! f; h8 o
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 Y# }0 n& N' q# v- ioily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 E$ F3 P* ^8 z+ t9 oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
: V1 U* m) k9 oNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+% V8 b8 X% v6 Y- q7 ]: q
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 m' }4 m2 z' j& r! S6 M* X1 b/ e
of papilledema.
& e% U' G* }7 ULaboratory Evaluation3 u( N2 l+ c1 B; v7 \' {
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' {( F: `$ S5 x0 M5 n+ I/ fusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 @% P, ^8 B: ]% ~' p( ]logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# m: ~& p" Y, i+ ]0 Q5 Gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test1 V& R' [- x  X5 ?
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
  B1 z6 M: X$ Qlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
. u7 z  K7 S" q! Z* j0 ]& U8 OThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ Q1 T5 C+ `% B4 n" Y3 q* w  d
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% M. a) O, K+ j% Y. e3 w6 t+ k4 J
within normal range for his age. The concentration8 \) D1 g, D, ~  K
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL8 D5 x* ?1 z! x7 a
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- M$ |" x# L. g/ j6 u
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-. C9 K: T$ v- T$ F; v/ p
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 p2 a" r" s- }, R% r' }( |
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to) f3 c2 C+ ?" x1 ^
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 V" D, {; j. E, u; Y! N
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-9 C) S2 r# e2 h
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
) y' ^  B( I5 r, @, m9 F' u" ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 m0 i. v, o- V' U) c) u1 H+ vand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 [& b* b# z* f0 r& ?
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' o' l8 ~9 l. J- M; ?2 M: R( |stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
/ Z+ d4 J) x( _+ s* _concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
0 l: G/ d% P  V% }; v(prepubertal).- G6 }8 I0 W. F3 Q" A
The parents were notified about the laboratory
6 t. t: P7 v! A4 aresults and were informed that all of the tests were
) k2 x; X; i2 \3 o" }! y) _normal except the testosterone level was high. The9 V5 z6 V3 i" Q3 i. u  N& h
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; N5 k9 S$ x% h0 |8 C* |3 Yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
2 e& w( Z  }+ u! Q6 X1 Rever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 k& Z5 r& |& v) k
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
  |. u1 d2 j& @" @3 ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  V- f7 ]& J" |! K' F; I; ]$ H' E, t+ \2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! {, ?* ]$ K8 N2 m5 n! w
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-4 B: a: ?" j' g
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
0 [& v' z4 |2 w0 ?2 X. g! ^the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
' D; t, Y; U' q( B) r, ~mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
# T# Z5 [' a- ~, y/ x1 q% Y- Q% oThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: @4 B3 @/ [* v- c6 Z
ing frequent erections.8 b* l9 [% f) z8 @
Both parents were again questioned about use of
1 f: T/ n4 m6 ^- Hany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
. X, v/ u4 p8 @5 Tthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the  ], q+ U2 A- ]- \" r
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 U# O2 J. W/ Y  P, z7 l9 X0 ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, C; D# j* X3 k# n& M8 }
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
  m% u9 q  w& H$ [; Z8 Ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 p% |6 p4 P7 y& D3 a1 b; G% w/ Sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 U6 m0 c3 T$ ]3 `: T: r! e5 F
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 i9 o0 o4 \+ Y. a) M, m
secondary to depression.( p6 S; l+ ^; O( C4 k* P9 Z' F1 B" h
The child slept in the same bed with parents.* d$ t9 u9 S  r; J  D9 Q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) x: J# q2 ^. qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% E! {6 L/ M6 U/ x# V/ anificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 H3 ?, M/ w' S# p7 P* vThe father also admitted that after the phone call,/ H2 s: k+ n3 ~
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
0 [1 s+ N0 i; [4 B( h( |; q# `was high, he then read the product information! h; W5 E8 g6 c
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-2 [' J* U( h( z8 A8 V4 ]& G
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they' U6 Y+ H& \# w
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the/ v5 F- s8 b7 Y+ Q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
% n" Q+ @8 }# n( V/ ^/ q: G  o6 w+ Wbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! K! s# l) I4 g
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; k1 m3 ^4 a! p; X, w6 t4 Claboratory to obtain the test.
7 L7 k& U; P) ]7 X; YDiscussion* K4 ]9 g+ @9 a" L6 Q7 P
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
: {: Y- x$ M3 Y, u3 ~sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
' A5 ~& c5 B% I. r/ ~  M. DPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; @- q8 t2 ]. Z
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
. O% Y5 d2 I9 E& Z- zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ H% w: `, x  b# J- ?, Xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 w! C3 k2 G; F. E8 e$ o: Ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 J! r7 z: w7 B* k$ o$ y# \0 Jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. T5 d. G- ~" v3 C* o2 R9 N8 Z/ H3 Jamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
8 c/ X5 D2 m! U2 W, C; G% jsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" [# c9 s1 K  Y. x( _/ Uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-, r2 o. m. S4 |3 q. m: w
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# C% `% L  P' X# P$ urical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
2 a7 w9 s9 T6 i! B& ?  jgonadotropins.1,3/ i' V2 h" d) r2 u6 g
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: k3 M4 l3 t; j* z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate- f) u0 J- S9 S2 C5 j" V
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or, I5 ^8 e, ~7 f( V3 u- S
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 z: x/ S  z2 x2 ^: w: j* {
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* i& i2 O' H: Z8 i& f% b6 A  @* [congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 V0 d! R5 e. [+ d! B% x
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
% u/ H; m5 j& `% Opuberty in boys.3,4' T; p9 m1 ~* Z
The most common form of congenital adrenal! u" ^+ @- e% T4 s; n
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; p1 z. `5 Y2 XThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& [$ }* `4 L  R  z) [% texcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 g$ w* @9 O8 U; w  w* q/ r0 V7 N
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: x3 t9 |0 ^, \  d" Wexcess.1,3& U# I  H4 W; H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- v: W) K( Q$ o. ~542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
9 I# C! t3 A- \3 A# k9 e9 {" n# QA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& T+ F, i- `& y/ z% i6 Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
* L1 ]1 [% q: f4 N! uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: D+ R$ a% m: a3 p! S1 ?very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 B# X2 p$ j* a+ E, [
with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ y4 B( \; X# ]0 Z* ^3 _. B, }) }8 ~
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  J( X. M' m) g5 Y$ D% ?with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
& Z' B( V) n1 z) v- Vare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' G. d. R- I6 ~$ vpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
! @6 L! g7 R" ]releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 U+ D2 @  Q) X
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only, I+ `/ p) c8 H9 x) M
males; therefore, other male members of the family/ h  G$ x$ {7 ?- `
may have similar precocious puberty.3
! j+ u. Q, p" ?2 _. T8 N3 O; sIn our patient, physical examination was incon-" W; t9 K1 _3 n' \3 y& a
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. j% Y) f6 ?+ a  o0 J6 ~+ |2 g3 G
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, F% n' c6 g: Y2 n, V$ |was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 r7 d0 D, B. B4 c, K, S
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- X. Q2 V$ s: r/ n6 N2 ~1 Stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the- b7 ^2 u3 E2 D" w3 K5 s; z
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
: I- X& n, O. @9 zative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 X% g7 D- L7 T- \
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, ~' W4 _6 l$ J# r
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; p, ?. I' |# B$ i) r0 z  o- cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 `2 I; L0 n5 y( @
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 J$ M% O2 h1 q+ i6 j0 PThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 D& q4 S. l1 e. M& Bsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 e; c: N* \( n; m, V
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
  i& n, r, }% H2 a6 Xpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
/ Q5 v& ~/ x, _9 j) ]decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
# x6 s$ @! o' d! Q: b" {terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ L% s. u3 U0 T# y( O! Z  husing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’8 m2 Q. P( p6 M7 t3 D! |& {
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
, t9 T# Y! a- A" E4 d# {4 ^cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to# Z6 \9 ]6 V" C& a7 m) z  V. D
unprotected females through direct skin exposure., {2 g4 F4 u  R5 Z8 n5 t8 W% x" a1 i
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
1 ?  ]; k  x  zbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
( T3 u! }2 R# w! v8 oeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 D6 U% v: y% [5 D) ~partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
: z  H$ V3 X( G) Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' N  \7 p1 A0 Y0 ~Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 {) P, j5 M+ Z9 H/ W
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
" g! m' K6 I2 l: v- @: M! fdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' c; u" U' ?$ j$ D& a, C! U$ y$ d9 g( ~terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- c9 X! U/ I/ ^, G4 [
active in young children exposed to testosterone
" F& P6 u9 i# aexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-5 h9 R  }! i& x8 X
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
4 r; m" U( A3 @0 p- Bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# |! o" M# O' n2 ^children results in an increase in growth velocity and
: Z4 n3 O. h+ |advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.3 K) b# Q, O6 G. B
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 b' s1 Y; G% L, o4 O: s$ `* A
early childhood on pubertal development and final
7 B, l0 }6 u( v; Nadult height are not fully known and always remain& M7 ^( Y3 A0 c9 w) A, T3 j
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
$ V+ w+ v2 u7 ^/ g; ?terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 q9 L% E% |& f& t5 ?' O% I2 y$ {
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 f% {! f# p5 H1 W* lcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, ~( H/ h. p2 M- z2 kdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9: B1 ~3 E' ?4 @+ ]1 v$ {  ^, D/ m5 c
There are conflicting reports and controversy
8 H* k6 ~+ m9 |" D8 v% ~; Qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
/ \4 M+ ?% w2 Tpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
  z7 V% T' \' v% nadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-9 D' ^2 z  ~/ \8 q: g
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
# Y% R, X5 \8 ~* w9 M5 ^( pSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between- L& _, ~2 x3 J: `1 ^- k! Z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult* O5 }7 b5 S; j( c+ {6 D- u8 J2 ~
penile length in clinical studies.6 _( R% D! x5 \2 T
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. c7 L4 P( J" H4 z0 i
going to experience any of the untoward effects from+ G9 ?, X1 ~! K0 d" ]1 T3 X
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
: b' ~5 y  f3 y  |" D$ B; L7 Fthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. B: l- s+ B4 C
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
) N' x2 W  V5 T3 O4 ?1 ^diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at+ s0 W, \" d! R" A4 }
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 _$ k; S: b% B* Q! L% q* ^
height will not be affected.
6 V# V+ L. s! C5 }) tAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-) i; j# [) u5 F% }8 q
ability of androgen products in our society may
7 |2 @1 N2 \8 @2 Gindeed cause more virilization in male or female4 C, B4 Z7 o7 {
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
# @  X0 ^3 L5 Q2 tgen products must be considered and specific ques-+ t" o& r# y5 W5 k6 e
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or/ Q2 E5 b9 N. s7 w
gel should be asked of the family members during" c0 b& }+ V* T$ Y6 F3 y) E
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! M9 B2 s7 r7 F& qilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-" f7 P& _2 }5 z: N- n7 m+ L+ R
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
# I0 M& e' s; v! Happropriate history. The inability to obtain such a) I/ G, ?5 s# ~$ ]
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% P" u' R/ H. ]1 xresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# }4 k" V! O6 k' h: X' w3 x# ninvestigation. The primary care physician should be
- E( B" n# ?4 a* uaware of this fact, because most of these children
2 j( j9 i' z. A2 Dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- ^' ]/ g5 V, L* n+ UDesk Reference and package insert should also put a7 e* G3 U5 |9 r8 g( H, g) o
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or+ Q. I6 [4 U2 |9 V2 `
female child who might come in contact with some-; W8 ^) h4 t& Q( @  w# o
one using any of these products.
5 X5 G! ?  Q! g% f- g4 {References2 }: z3 i3 N1 E# t, B
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation0 A% ]: c& C" V: U5 k; l
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 y: ^9 i* o: v+ }& z! h1 G
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 S7 i5 }. \4 `7 H# Z+ ?2002: 565-628.- n4 F; D* a8 D$ g1 ?2 C, K
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious* m5 u: Q1 S* X4 A) S. n: B4 p
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal- U" D. ^: a$ H0 Q% L7 S
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* g- n7 a- N" ~! i8 D! Y" E/ A
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543
: m" u8 N( j  L; S" `6 ~3 l; {areas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.
" C( J- E9 o4 K, M" i2001;90:751-756.
+ B3 U- q* I5 p3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.( U8 ^8 `. `; U/ r- O2 g' ?# h
Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel
  {% |4 r' F, l: J& mDekker Inc; 2003:211-238./ O! A1 E$ x. y' ^5 J8 o0 ]# n
4. Yu YM, Punyasavatsu N, Elder D, D’Ercole AJ. Sexual# E: Y+ s1 R- I- Q6 ]  ^
development in a two-year-old boy induced by topical
) u2 K3 o2 E, [% R9 `; Eexposure to testosterone. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e23.; u  U% t) v; F4 u; t# V* q+ D
5. Greulich WW, Pyle SI, eds. Radiographic Atlas of! ?5 U; }0 ?5 e, z
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
4 \! Z8 H" q4 t5 {* D2 Q( _
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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